How Does One Achieve the American Dream?

How does one achieve the American Dream? The answer undoubtedly depends upon one’s definition of the Dream, and there are many from which to choose. John Winthrop envisioned a religious paradise in a â€Å"City upon a Hill. † Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of racial equality. Both men yearned for what they perceived as perfection. But, the definition of the American Dream is an idea which suggests that all people can succeed through hard work, and that all people have the potential to live happy, successful lives. It matters not who you are and what ethnic group you’re from, you can achieve the American dream. Lets look at Martin Luther King Jr. He turned the world up-side-down by going against the odds, (during the time of the Civil Rights Movement) proclaiming ‘that all men are created equal’. He was a well known civil rights leader who stood up for his beliefs in a non-violent way. Through perseverance and determination, he was able to maintain his focus of letting America know that he deserved to be treated with dignity and respect. Although, his untimely death of assassination, it was though his actions and dedications that can be pronounced Martin Luther King to be an excellent example of one who achieved the American dream. His struggles paved the way for others, to become a part of the great â€Å"melting pot† regardless of nationality or background. These include Oprah Winfrey and our newly elected 44th president of the United States of America, Barack Obama creating a new day and time this country, America. Oprah Winfrey is a prime example of someone who achieved the American Dream. As a child her life was not a fairy tale at all. At a young age Winfrey's parents separated and sent her to live with grandparents in very poor surroundings. Later, at the age of six she moved to live with her mother. She was consequently sexually molested by male relatives at a young age and endured the hardship up until she was 14. She moved to live with her father in Nashville Tennessee. Living with her father did not eliminate her problems even though he was loving (yet strict) towards her. She struggled with drugs and rebellious behavior and even the loss of a baby after giving birth to it prematurely. Wild behavior conflicted with her father's strict rules and high standards. After being awarded a University Scholarship she eventually began to settle down. Winfrey studied at the Tennessee State University and received a BA in Speech and Performing Arts. It was her father's high standards that inspired her to aim for and achieve more from life. Winfrey became involved in several groups and pursued her interests in media and journalism while at University. Even though her early years in life where filled with hardship, she was always gifted with intelligence and she graduated as an honors student. Winfrey's career really began to take off after moving to Chicago in 1984 to host â€Å"AM Chicago†, an early morning talk show at WLS-TV's. It went on to become the number one ranked talk show shortly after she started and it was renamed â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Show† after one year. The Oprah Winfrey Show went on to become one of the most successful and highest ranked television talk show programs in history. Oprah Winfrey continues to follow her dreams through her many business and media interests. She is one of the wealthiest women in the United States of America and is regularly placed high up on the Forbes magazine Rich List each year. Winfrey continues to influence and inspire people worldwide with her example of overcoming great odds to achieve great success financially, spiritually and socially. Barack Obama is such an exceptionally, smart, African American man. On January 20, 2009 Obama became the first African American president of the USA. He accomplished the American dream without a doubt. He proved to the black society as well as the white, that what was sought out to be the â€Å"impossible† could be possible. He achieved it because he has what everyone wants. For instance he has a nice house, car, beautiful family and he’s just such a beautiful person altogether. Obama has proved to all that the American Dream is not just an â€Å"Alice in Wonderland† type of fairy tale. Indeed the American Dream is a reality with its own symbol and that symbol is Barrack Obama, the 44th and fist black president of the United States of America. In conclusion, it just goes to show that the â€Å"American Dream† is possible and nothing is out of your limits when it comes to dreams. For instance look at Oprah—a multi-billionaire, African American woman, who wasn’t raised with the finer things in life. She had to work hard for success. Also President Obama got to where he is now because of hard work, discipline and determination. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. †-Martin Luther King Jr.

Lady Macbeth – Human Weakness

Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’ is a character who suffers greatly in because of her human weakness, which is her vaulting ambition. This ambition is not for her, but for her husband. This woman, who seemed so in control at the beginning of the okay, only cared for her husband and his success, later becomes so consumed with guilt and remorse that it results in her tragic death. Through the discussion of characterisation and lkey scenes, I shall reveal that Lady Macbeth’s human flaw is   not only a major contributor to the ruthlessness of her husband but creates a huge influence in how the play unfolds.The effect of Lady Macbeth’s ambition and compassion towards her devoted husband is immediately shown in the first scene of which she appears. When she receives a letter from Macbeth informing her on his meeting with the three witches, who they promise him that he will be king. This is, in Lady Macbeth’s eyes, his rightful position and by her first words, ‘Glamis art thou cawdor/ and shalt be what thou art promised’ makes us instantly recognise that she will stop at nothing to make sure that he gets what she feels Macbeth deserves.So when Lady Macbeth’s disturbing soliloquy about her becoming un-womanly to make sure her plan to kill Duncan will not fail, is not all of a surprise. She calls upon the spirits of evil in her quest to become completely absent of feeling and emotion. ‘Come you spirits, which tend on mortal thoughts/ unsex me here and fill me from the crown to toe/ top-full of direst cruelty’. She wishes for all her innate womanly qualities to disappear and replace it with evil ‘Come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall’.She calls upon the evil spirits to prevent her in failing her mission to make her husband king. ‘no computions visiting of nature/ shall shake my fell purpose’. She asks for ‘Come thick night, and pall thee to the dunnest smoke of hell’ to hide her malicious thoughts and plans from everyone. As well as wishing for herself to become overwhelmed with ambition and callousness, she wants her husband to do the same. As in the same soliloquy she states her concerns for Macbeth that his soul is ‘too full of the milk of human kindness/ to catch the nearest way’.This means that she thinks that Macbeth’s natural kindness is a bad thing and that he would be unable to murder Duncan, the quickest way to become king. However, when Macbeth returns home from fighting he is greeted with the plan to kill Duncan. At first he refuses to co-operate but his wife manipulates him to change his mind. She throws at him insults, such as ‘once you durst do it, then you were a man’ and to call a man who just fought bravely for his king a coward in a mighty insult. She also throws at him ‘From this time such I account thy love’.At the end, in order to make sure Macbeth does commit the unnatural deed she tells him a disturbing image of her with her newborn child ‘And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you’. Even so, if Lady Macbeth was a heartless, truly selfishly ambitious and a ruthless character then she would not have to call upon spirits to help become evil and take all her womanly qualities. Thus implying that she has womanly qualities that she wants rid of. And Shakespear makes us weary of this by allowing her to speak her thoughts and agony’s but only when Macbeth is not around.When Macbeth commits the murder, in Act 2, he is truly distraught and cannot think correctly and brings back the blood laden daggers with him. So Lady Macbeth, again, takes control of the situation. Earlier in the scene Lady Macbeth, who we first thought would commit the murder could not as ‘had he not resembled my father as he slept/ I’d had done it’. This shows flaw in her ruthlessness and shows th at her calling of evil did not completely work. It also shows that her human weakness, has weakness’ in itself. However she collects herself and brings the daggers back to Duncan’s body. To do this must have taken super human strength.

Are Electronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care?

Case Summary Healthcare is a major topic in the media, and how it affecting people all over the country. The government has implemented laws and policies to ensure that individuals can receive the proper medical attention, and has made healthcare affordable for American that are not able to pay out of pocket for services provided. This action by the government has caused a surplus in patients seen by healthcare providers, which in return has increase the paperwork associated with business practices.As a result, providers are implementing systems such as Electronic Medical Records to ensure that patient records are accurate and accessible for multiple providers for proper diagnosis. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) systems are systems that provide â€Å"information about one’s life-long health condition and health care behavior which are on the basis of electric management. The records contained in the system have been constructed to take the place of paper medical records as the main information sources in medical care† (Chen, Wang, & Zhang, 2010).As in any system, developers must understand how to integrate information to ensure that the system in capable function properly, and providing users with information requested by incorporating business intelligence into the implementation process. Business Intelligence (BI) enables developers to clearly state what is needed throughout the entire organization, and simplifies the implementation process during implementation deployment and administration. Implementing and integrating EMR systems is costly, but it is necessary for healthcare providers to adopt systems as this to ensure accuracy, errorless information. . ) What management, organization, and technology factors are responsible for the difficulties in building electronic medical records systems? Explain your answer As technology rapidly emerges, businesses are required to adopt new practices to maintain and streamline processes. Electronic medi cal records systems have surfaced to eliminate inefficiency, errors and cut enormous spending. Organizations must strategically implement and interact with agencies outside of its walls to integrate EMR systems into it infrastructure.Healthcare management, insurance agencies, the government and technology advances have all played a major role in the delay of the creation of a global EMR system. The Government’s involvement in the implementation of EMR system is critical. In 2009, $19 billion was granted through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to encourage doctors and hospitals to install and use electronic health records (EHR’s) which is a fundamental component of EMR systems (MacKinnon & Wasserman, 2009). Without government funding, it would be merely impossible for organizations to implement and adopt ERM systems.Expensive systems are usually frowned upon by organizations, for that reason the government must intervene to ensure improved speed and a ccuracy of data sharing, reporting, and planning. Healthcare providers are becoming overbooked and the paperwork is overwhelming. Adopting technology is necessary in the healthcare profession to handle daily workloads. The cost of implementing systems to fit the needs of the organization is the leading factor that causes providers to resist the integration and incorporation of EMR systems. IT developers are also high involved in the implementation of systems for hospitals and healthcare providers.Investing in the EMR system is costly, but the failure to implement EMR systems is often contributed to developers ignoring stakeholders’ needs in the hospital (Su, Fulcher, Win, Chiu, & Chiu, 2008). 2. ) What stages of system building will be the most difficult when creating electronic medical record systems? Explain your answer With advances in technology, organization must continually upgrade current systems to ensure that the system’s capabilities are functional. One of th e most difficult stages in the implementing of EMR system is the sharing of information between different systems.One of the essential purposes of an EMR system is to collaborate and store patient information that can be accessed by multiple providers. Utilizing what is known as an electronic patient records system or (ERP) is an electronic structure for the maintenance of information about the health condition and the care received by someone all his/her life (Vilar & Boudoux, 2002) . Some institutions that implement systems using ERP could actually face problems due to HIPPA laws when making information available to other sources. Being able to provide information nationally could cause major problems for organizations utilizing as well.Providers have issues with privacy with information be easily accessible. Protection of information is vital, and developer must be able to control access and information that is provided through EMR systems. Christa Teston in her article, Investig ating usability and â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic medical records, â€Å"A wide-ranging survey of healthcare providers and patients resulted in negative attitudes from a rather substantial minority of participants about the secondary use of de-identified health information† (Teston, 2012). 3. Describe the application of business process management to the design of an electronic medical record system Within an EMR system, careful database management is needed to store relative and historical information. EMR systems implementations â€Å"require a significant investment in money and time, as well as process change and training, all of which carry a great deal of risk for the organization† (MacKinnon & Wasserman, 2009). The implementation of any system requires strategic planning and proactive approaches to management, and business processes.There are design-related issues that many developers struggle with during the implementation process such as privacy, efficiency, accounting, and noise from data (Teston, 2012). EMR sharing system unified data structure enables the complete exchange of medical information within the hospital encompassed by a particular region. The organizational structure of hospitals can be directly mapped to share electronic medical record system, to simplify the management of permissions.For that purpose, developer must strategically plan to implement a strong security measure for the system. Security implementation within the EMR system requires users such as providers, staff, and manager, to all obtain a registered certificate that enables access to the system (Chen, Wang, & Zhang, 2010). 4. ) Describe the importance of business intelligence and analytics capabilities in the design of an electronic medical record system Understanding technology and the needs of the users plays a vital role in implementing any system.Proactively implementing systems that is readily able to adapt to future technology upgrades re quires developers to have intensive knowledge of the industry practices and technology evolvement. Business Intelligence (BI) is used to describe applications and technologies that are collaborated to provide access to analyze data and information about an enterprise, in order assist with business decisions (Wu, Barash, & Bartolini, 2007). Data warehousing is one application that is used in the implementation of an EMR system, and is also considered traditional form of business intelligence.The main goal of BI is to â€Å"provide a single vision for an entire organization; to simplify system implementation, deployment, and administration; and to deliver strategic, tactical, and operational knowledge and actionable insight† (Wu, Barash, & Bartolini, 2007). Reference Chen, Q. , Wang, Z. , & Zhang, W. (2010). Security Design for Electronic Medical Record. Intenational Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Computer Science, (pp. 1-4). doi:10. 1109/ICBECS. 2010. 5462307 MacKinn on, W. , & Wasserman, M. (2009). Implementing electronic medical record systems. 2nd Hawaii Intenational Conference on System Science (pp. 50-53). Waikoloa: IEEE Computer Society. doi:10. 1109/HICSS. 2009. 349 Su, Y. -Y. , Fulcher, J. , Win, K. T. , Chiu, H. -C. , & Chiu, G. -F. (2008). Evaluating the implementation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Systems. IEEE 8th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology Workshops, (pp. 589-594). doi:10. 1109/CIT. 2008. Workshops. 45 Teston, C. (2012). Investigating Usability and â€Å"Meaningful Use† of Electronic. 30th ACM international conference on Design of communication, (pp. 27-232). New York. doi:10. 1145/2379057. 2379101 Vilar, G. , & Boudoux, C. (2002). The Medical Information Management System (SIGIM) – Elaboration of an Electronic Patient Record -. Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBSBMES Conference, (pp. 1954-1956). Houstin. doi:10. 1109/IEMBS. 2002. 1053112 Wu, L. , Barash, G. , & Bartolini, C. (2007). A Service-oriented Architecture for Business Intelligence. IEEE International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications, (pp. 279-285). doi:10. 1109/SOCA. 2007. 6

Pyramids at Giza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Pyramids at Giza - Essay Example Many theories have been proposed to explain how the huge blocks of stone were maneuvered up the 481-foot tall pyramid. Of the many theories proposed two theories have gained prominence and these are the crane theory and the more recently proposed internal ramp theory. The crane theory as explained by Bob Brier in an article from the Archeology Magazine is based on the theory by Herodotus who had visited the pyramids around 450 B.C. He had proposed that machines like cranes were could have been used to raise the stone blocks up the pyramid. In the article Bob Brier further explained that crane-like devices called the shadouf were used to draw water from the Nile for the purpose of irrigation. These devices have been depicted in tomb paintings which further confirm that these were available to the tomb builders. Herodotus proposed that several hundreds of these cranes could have been placed at various points of the pyramid as and when it was erected to facilitate the lifting of the sto ne blocks. However, manufacturing several hundreds of cranes would have required huge quantities of wood and timber was not available in abundance in ancient Egypt. While large amounts of timber were imported during that time for building ships it would have been an expensive task if timber were to be imported for manufacturing these cranes. Another flaw identified with the theory was the lack of space to accommodate the cranes higher up in the pyramid due to the decrease in its size. Thus the crane theory did not provide any substancial evidence on how the pyramids were built. In addition to the crane theory, several ramp theories have also been proposed to explain the construction of the pyramids. Of these the more recent theory on the use of internal ramps to build the top two-thirds of the pyramid has gained wide acceptance. This theory has been presented by Jean-Pierre Houdin who carried out an extensive study of the Great pyramids over the

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The different groups of beverages include water, alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, hot beverages and other forms. The main focus of the study is the processing of the drinks for consumption. For that matter, the organizations and companies that are involved in production and packaging of such beverages and drinks are included in the analysis of the management functions. For the products that are naturally consumed, packaging is the most important method that is needed to be considered. On the other hand, for the products that had been developed as beverage, the production can be considered as the most important method in the operation (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). In the beverage industry, the application of the functions of management can be considered as a fundamental issue. The process of management can be considered a chronological process which starts in planning and concluded through the maintenance of the different methods and procedures in operation. Planning is the initial function in management which involves the determination of the different factors that can affect the profitability and the sales of the company. In the case of beverage companies, there are different factors that are needed to be considered. One is the determination of the trends in the market and the demands for the different products (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). The present trend that can be observed is the increase in the demand for the beverages that are considered to border on the health consciousness of the public. This can be a related to the increasing consideration of the population on the maintenance of their health and body condition due to the deteriorating quality of life that can be considered to make such goals a challenge. In addition, there is an observable decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages basically also related to the consciousness of the people over their own welfare

I will UPLOAD loms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

I will UPLOAD loms - Essay Example The group achieved 98.435 instead of the planned 53000 pounds. In the analysis there was failure in achieving the objectives that were set by the group. The approaches otherwise could be adjusted to bring out the desired results due to the objectives that were aimed by the group The objectives that were set by the group was to achieve during the month of running the company was the performance measures that will allow the ability to deliver the products on time and keep customers satisfied by the number and amount of penalties that they paid. The objective was however not achieved due to the factors that the group did not consider. The important aspects that was neglected by the group in the approach includes forecasting, planning and also ordering of enough inventory that was needed in the production to have just in time delivery to the orders that were give. The group did not order enough during the first three weeks and led to suffering of the inventory especially raw materials. Since the group was bound by own raw materials available in their inventory, the group could not produce more than the minimum quantity even if the demand that week required it to. Thus the group did not manage the inventory as well it should have been managed. The strengths that the group managed is together with coinciding with the actual peak in the last month of the game which was luck in the trying to chase the week. Due to the unfulfilled orders in the approaches, high unit cost and penalty charges, the group ran bankrupt. A strength came when after the situation there was plan of the next move which was done carefully and this enabled the coming out of the bankruptcy in the next one week and even came up with a profit in the week. Forecasting as an element was not used in the approach by the group. The element was necessary in the approach since it would make the group plan the production, tell the peak and purchase more

Public Spending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Spending - Essay Example The public expenditure was raised in the 20th century due to the impact of the world wars. Before the World War I, the public expenditure was about 15% of the GDP. After the war it appeared to be about 25% of the GDP and maintained the level in the next few years. It did change during the starting phase of depression in the economic conditions (Chantrill, 2010). After the World War II, the public expenditure had increased and it was budgeted to consume 35% of the GDP and this level was retained till 1950s. The public expenditure was slowly raised in the year 1960 and it increased in early 1980s consuming about 45% of the GDP (Chantrill, 2010). Public expenditure rose by 0.7 percent of the GDP from 1999-2008. A decade ago, according to the OECD statistics, UK public spending was registered at 8.7 percent of the GDP below the Euro area average. By 2008, this figure had been registered at 1.3 percent below the Euro area average (IOD, 2008). There were lot of instability in the public expending regarding the defence system. The spending in defence expense was increased before the World War II. 3.5% of the GDP was used in defence spending in the year 1935 and reached to 15.9% in 1939. After the commencement of the World War II, the British Government started to assemble most of its resources for the war. The expenditure was over 40% of the GDP on the defence system for four years and it was raised to 46.37% of GDP in 1943 (Chantrill, 2010). The public expenditure in development of the state of education was expanded from 2% of GDP in 1990 to 6% of GDP in the second decade of 21st century. The spending in this sector has been increased to 3.37% of GDP in 1955. During the starting phase of 1956 the spending was increased rapidly and it accounted to 4% of GDP in 1960 and 6.5% of GDP in 1975 (Chantrill, 2010). There has been a decrease in the spending during the period of 1970 to 1980. In 1989 it reached to 4.25%

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Marketing - Essay Example it depends upon the demand of the Boeing’s consumers. In order to be successful, Boeing therefore need to be active in its marketing efforts to focus and target those customers which Boeing believed will be able to generate the demand for more air travel etc. The trick is that the Boeing must stick to the personal selling of its products since these products are expensive and simply out of the reach of the ordinary consumers therefore what is important for Boeing is to engage itself into personal selling. 1) For successfully marketing this product, Boeing first needs to determine and assess its present customer base. It must first clearly define who its customers are and who are the potential customers who can be interested in buying the product. 5) Advertise the product to its target customer base of existing customers. Since this product have very excellent features and have multi-purpose use therefore there will certainly be acceptance of the product in the market. 6) Boeing needs to highlight the features of this product. Since this is a multipurpose product with many unique and excellent features therefore Boeing must stress on highlighting its features and perceived utility it can provide to its users. 7) Since the customer base is clearly defined therefore Boeing must first target its existing customer base. In order to market the product to the existing customers, Boeing need to engage itself into various techniques ranging from personal selling to arranging demos and other promotional activities. 8) Since this is a very specialized product therefore it is very important that the Boeing need to engage itself into extensive personal selling efforts. These personal selling efforts need to be directed first at the existing customer base of the Boeing and then it may be redirected to potentially new

Citibank case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citibank case study - Essay Example It showed a net income of US $1.6 billion in the first quarter of 2009. In due course of time, the financial condition began deteriorating due to corrupted financial dealings captivating within the banking systems of California in the year 2011. The bank was accused due to its filling of fraudulent documents related to mortgages. As a result, numerous customers of California filed varied types of allegations against Citibank which hampered its brand equity and revenue by a significant extent. Moreover, it also hindered the loyalty and dependency of its target customers resulting in the amplification of organizational risks (Bloomberg L.P, 2012). In addition, the reason for which the lenders accused Citibank was due to change of ownerships of the mortgaged houses. It was mainly identified by a bankrupt home owner of New York named Linda Tirelli in order to regain her collaterals. Besides, it was entirely denied by Citigroup so that the image of the organization can be maintained (Bloo mberg L. P, 2012). Thus, it can be affirmed from the above mentioned facts, that it was a situation of corruption, which declined its individuality from the minds of house owners in California. Question 2: Was the company liable, socially responsible and accountable? Yes, Citibank, as one of the largest players in the international banking and financial sector of United States was accused of providing unethical services to its customers. This is because, Citibank was charged due to its presentation of wrong information regarding the housing mortgages to the citizens of California. Moreover, it also passed various inaccurate facts to the housing departments of United States as well, which resulted in loss of huge funds provided by the government (Scribd, n.d.). The management of Citibank was entirely responsible and accountable for the protest against the violation of the rules of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insurance programme of United States by offering wrong information to customers. In addition, the higher officials of Citibank were also accused for lending low interest rates in case of housing loans in order to enhance its range of customers as well as total revenue among other apparent players in the market. This resulted in lowering of trust and confidence over the mortgage schemes of FHA insurance offered by Citibank (Scribd, n.d.). Question 3: Is capitalism a just system for allocating resources? Capitalism is referred as the philosophy of financial system that mainly favors personal ownership by an individual or an organization offering services in order to earn revenue or profits. In capitalist economy, an individual or a corporation mainly aims to enhance his/her personal welfare as compared to publics (Scribd, n.d.). Moreover, capitalist economy also desires to prevent his/her individual interest in the market or within the communities. In addition, according to Hofstede (n.d.), individualism is a type of cultural dimension, in which indi viduals are more conscious about their personal relatives and families rather than societies. The citizens of these types of economies are focused on their individual achievement and victory. In addition, self-interest rather than empathy is the prime objective of a capitalist economy (Hofstede, n.d.). Thus, economy of United States also shows highest degree of individualism, which mainly concentrates on the benefits of individuals. Moreover, the citizens of United States were not at all interested to work in

Comparison between Windows XP & the Linux operating system Essay

Comparison between Windows XP & the Linux operating system - Essay Example The world has been witnessing a revolution ever since the introduction of the windows operating system. This has been primarily due to the easy-to-use interface as also the user-friendly controls that it is equipped with. But, the advent of the 90s has seen the rise of another major operating system that was developed on a UNIX foundation. Linux, as this operating system is popularly known is a freely available version under the open source initiative. It was and continues to be a hit with hardcore software developers. Therefore, the present era is seeing a tug-of-war between the vendor-based Windows XP (the newest version of windows) and the Linux (open source) operating systems As such, the windows vs. Linux debate are a heated topic for discussion under the OS (operating systems) domain. As far as the current paper is concerned, the main aspects that will be discussed as part of the discussion include the following:The basic difference between Windows XP & Linux when it comes to t he issue of synchronization lies in the manner in which the different processes are related to the underlying kernel. 'Synchronization' is a term that is more often associated with an environment that comprises the execution of more than a single process concurrently. Under such situations, synchronization ensures that all the processes execute concurrently such that there is a sense of coordination between them for the purpose of getting a task to execute in perfect run-time order so as to prevent undesirable race conditions from occurring (A. Silberschatz, 2006). When it comes to the Linux operating system, there is a process scheduler that controls access to the processor. Therefore, the scheduler is assigned the task of governing the state of execution of the various processes present. The scheduler uses a set of timers to determine the various durations such as the amount of time that is supposed to be allocated to a particular process, the time for bringing out a process out o f the execution or waiting state etc. this governs the monitoring of the system for any occurrence of deadlocks that can be duly eliminated through efficient mechanisms (Gordon Fischer, Claudia Salzberg Rodriguez, Claudia Salzberg, Steven Smolski, 2005). As opposed to this, the various processes under Windows XP are directly attached to the kernel. This requires that the kernel (and thereby the scheduler as well) must keep track of all the various processes that are attached to the kernel, though they may not be in use. This increases the chances of a deadlock & in many cases there are serious aberrations in terms of proper execution sequence between the various processes that are connected to a particular task. This is the usual occurrence when one tries to open too many applications on a windows machine wherein the system fails to respond beyond a certain limit (system hang). Linux has been found to offer better performance in this regard, wherein a system hang-up occurs only when the system hardware can no longer maintain the pace. Process Management This is related to the synchronization problem in the sense that the discussion mainly revolves around the process. The process management deals with two aspects in particular. According to A. Tanenbaum (2001), the first case is the allocation of execution sate to various processes & the other one is the allocation of memory space to the programs (processes). While the first one is mainly concerned about deadlocks, the second one is aimed at the minimizing the time required to fetch a process from the memory to the waiting queue for the purpose of putting it under consideration for execution. Under Linux, very process is assigned a unique process number that is used to reference the particular process under all circumstances, be it to create child processes, execute it or for killing that particular

Network Interface Units Essay Example for Free

Network Interface Units Essay Wireless broadband Internet has gained more prominence among home users and small-scale businesses especially because in other setups say in legal and medical field, confidentiality is paramount and is a legal obligation. Any breach of this confidentiality is an offense. In addition, it provides inexpensive and relative speedy wireless Internet over a wider coverage area. Additionally, users expect more freedom and flexibility in using their portable computers, say at work, in the garden, and laptops hence wireless connection becomes more popular. This technology has provided users with easy access to Internet and at the same time convenience as wireless broadband technology does not use telephone cables However at the same time, it has rendered peoples personal information vulnerable to access by other users. That is, almost anyone with a good laptop with wireless connection can interfere with other networks within range especially those that are not protected form unauthorized users. This paper presents a technical report on the use of wireless Internet in domestic broadband Internet solutions. This investigation will address key areas such as how the technology works, security issues involved in the wireless Ethernet installation, implications of using wireless internet within the web based information system, configuration and setup issues, ways in which wireless internets can be made more secure and future solutions to the security concerns of wireless Ethernet internet. Introduction. The wireless networking technology operates in more or less the same way as the conventional LAN only without the physical wires. The personal computer has to have a wireless network card which is sort of an Ethernet adapter. This makes the computer establish a connection with the service provider network. Depending on the model, an access port can support up to sixteen machines. The wireless broadband technology uses radio waves that transmit and receive data on air unlike the traditional cable and ADSL broadband that use telephone lines. (Shay, 1998) Basically, all one needs is a Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) in the building where one wants to get connected. In this area there has to be radio signals. In cases where there aren’t any in sight then multiple hubs may be installed to act as logical diverters of the radio signals. A CPE comprises of NIU (Network Interface Units) which provide circuit emulation and internet data services. The Ethernet data services are simply mounted on top of the building where the Internet is being installed i. e. the transceiver and the antennae unit. The advantage of wireless broadband technology is that they are fast and more reliable than the others with up to 256kbps speeds (Tanenbaum, 2002) Wireless broadband networks transmit data to towers hosted by the service provider, which then the NUI and the Ethernet data services then pick up and deliver to a users personal computer or laptop. Wireless connections use DHCP (digital host configuration protocol) which assigns the IP address without the intervention of the configuration from the network administrator or the intervention of the user. The wireless broadband technology also uses modems just like the ADSL and traditional cables only that in wireless broadband connections the modem has an inbuilt antennae which links your computer to the nearest service provider tower (Spainhour Eckstein, 2003)

Distance education Essay Example for Free

Distance education Essay Distance education dates back to at least as early as 1728 when an advertisement in the Boston Gazette promoted Caleb Phillips, Teacher of the new method of Short Hand, who sought students who wanted to learn through weekly mailed lessons. Similarly, Isaac Pitman taught shorthand in Great Britain via correspondence in the 1840s. Distance education has a long history, but its popularity and use has grown exponentially as more advanced technology has become available. By 2008, online learning programs were available in the United States in 44 states at the K-12 level. Definition Education where teachers and students are separated in both place and time. They communicate at times of their own choosing by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time or through other online ways. Advantages Distance Education does not require commuting, saving money otherwise spent on travel back and forth to school. Convenience and flexibility. You complete classes at your convenience. Accessibility. Live and study from anywhere while pursuing education of your choice. Online classes address accessibility issues that some people with limited mobility encounter. Self-paced learning. Individualized Instruction. Vast resources readily available through the internet which are relatively inexpensive. Potential. The opportunities for distance education have exploded with the increased use of the internet. Many degrees are available through distance learning including high school, college and post graduate programs. Cost. Distance education is considerably cheaper than attending a traditional college. Key players in Distance Education Students Faculty Facilitators Support staff Administrators Interaction and Technology in Distance Education Interaction is an important component of any learning experience. One of the most important factors relating to distance learning is the element of interaction as its much different of an environment in a traditional classroom than what occurs in distance learning. Learner Content LearnerInstructor LearnerLearner LearnerTechnology Synchronous vs Asynchronous Interaction In distance Education most interaction done Asynchronously; interaction between them is delayed. One good example is a teacher may deliver the video instruction via email and the learner may respond in a later time. Synchronous interaction like in traditional classes where learners and instructors interact real time: you talk I immediately respond. This could be achieved in distance learning as when computer conferences are held at pre-established times via chat technologies. Distance Education Technologies The various technologies used in distance learning can be roughly divided into four categories, However many of these technologies could overlap into more than one category. Print Technology The original form of Distance Education was correspondence courses, in which print material was mailed to students and returned to the teachers through the postal system. The University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees through correspondence, establishing its External Programme in 1858. This program is now known as the University of London International Programmes and includes Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Diploma degrees created by colleges such as the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway and Goldsmiths. In the United States William Rainey Harper, first president of the University of Chicago developed the concept of extended education, whereby the research university had satellite colleges of education in the wider community. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence school courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by Columbia University Computer Technology Computer based technology includes email, online collaborations and web-based education as a means of delivering distance learning. The widespread use of computers and the internet have made distance learning easier and faster, and today virtual schools and virtual universities deliver full curricula online. In 1996 Jones International University was launched and claims to be the first fully online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US. Video Technology Video techniques often used for distance learning include videotapes, satellites, television cables, and computers offer opportunities for behavior modeling, demonstrations and instruction of abstract concept. Audio technology Offer cost effective ways to enhance distance learning courses. It can be as simple as a telephone with voicemail or it can be as complex as an audio conference with microphones and speakers. The very rapid spread of radio in the United States in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for the public schools. One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher. Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom. Research and Distance Education The University of the Philippines Open University (U. P. O. U.) is a public distance learning institution and research university that provides quality higher and continuing education to Filipinos through the distance education system. Melinda dela Pena-Bandalaria (2007) in her article on Impact of ICT’s on open and distance learning in a Developing Country setting: The Philippine Experience, pointed out the distance education in the Philippines has undergone four general stages or generations. It also includes how quality of education is ensured in a technology-driven system of teaching and learning.

Palliative Care within the Acute Care Setting

Palliative Care within the Acute Care Setting Palliative Care during End-of-life: An Annotated Bibliography Waldrop and Kirkendall (2009) surveyed employees from a 120-bed suburban nonprofit nursing home to explore how their staff recognized a dying patient and identified standards of care which would be put into place once palliative care has been initiated. Using a qualitative method to gather data, 42 employees were interviewed which included nurses, chaplains, social workers, nursing assistants, housekeepers, and administrators to provide multiple perspectives on the dying experience. The survey was done in the form of a 30-minute interview in a quiet location of the nursing home away from the nursing unit (Waldrop Kirkensall, 2009). An affiliated research assistant or investigator whom has had training in conducting interviews and qualitative data analysis conducted it. They asked the employees open-ended and objective questions about frequency and standards of care for dying patients and their families. All interviews were audio taped, transcribed by a professional transcriptionist, and labeled with a letter number combination (e.g., N[urse]-1). The transcripts were entered into Atlas ti software for data organization and management(Waldrop Kirkensall, 2009). The survey identified physical, behavioral, and social factors as the three main indicators of impending death. Physical indicators included altered breathing patterns (including apnea), anorexia, or increase in pain; behavioral indicators included mood changes and diminished activity level and social indicators sometimes included withdrawal from interaction with staff or family (Waldrop Kirkendall, 2009). During the survey the staff explained that Comfort care is initiated when patients began to exhibit these signs. At this nursing home standard order sets were not used and comfort care measures were described as being very patient individualized and holistic. Comfort care includes an interrelationship of symptom management, family care, interpersonal relationships, and interdisciplinary cooperation in which each member of the healthcare team participates in the care of the patient, according to their scope of practice (Waldrop Kirkendall, 2009). The survey revealed that health care employees deliver comfort care in different ways and it identified the need for more comparison studies in other nursing homes to explore standards of care in other facilities because this was just one study of one nursing home. By further comparing nursing homes which use different models of care comfort care standards and or improvements can be made. This survey was conducted in a nursing home setting but its results reflect on hospital end-of-life care. At the present time the standard of care for dying patients in a hospital setting consists of pre-printed order sets which are not individualized to the specific needs of the patient. This study promotes use of the holistic, individualized care approach to ensure a more satisfying and comforting dying experience. Level of evidence: VI Single descriptive qualitative/physiologic study Jarabek, B.R., Cha, S.S., Ruegg, S.R., Moynihan, T.J., McDonald, F.S. (2008). Use of a palliative care order set to improve resident comfort with symptom management in palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 22, 343-349. Jarabek, Cha, Ruegg, Moynihan, McDonald, (2008) began a study within the Internal Medicine Residency Program at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota hypothesized that standard palliative order sets within a hospital setting would enhance physician comfort with managing 4 aspects of end-of-life care: pain, secretions, agitation, and dyspnea. A 5-question, pre-intervention web-based survey regarding physician comfort in diverse aspects of palliative care was given to 144 internal medicine resident physicians before the release of the palliative order set, which would later be used within the hospital. Each question included a 5-item Likert response scale, ranging from 1, very comfortable to 5, very uncomfortable(Larabek et al., 2008). Three months later an educational email was sent to all house staff and faculty addressing end-of life-care along with the initiation of the order set, which consisted of physical ailment provisions. Another 3 months was spent allowing staff to use and or work with the order sets at which point a post-intervention survey was performed. Results of the post-intervention survey were that 88% had utilized the palliative order sets and 63% stated that they felt increasingly comfortable with palliative care (Jarabek et al., 2008). There was an overall 10% increase in resident comfort regarding the 4 aspects of palliative care with the initiation of order sets, but no change in social or communication-related comfort (Jarabek et al., 2008). The survey concluded that palliative order sets can increase physician comfort in providing care to patients during end-of-life, but it also revealed that the order sets do not address the psychosocial needs of the patient when providing comfort care. Although physicians find comfort in having order sets as guidelines for end-of-life care, they are only guidelines and open communication needs to be initiated between the health care team and the patient to ensure all the comfort care needs of the patient and family are met in a holistic way so that they may have a peaceful dying experience. Level of evidence: Teno, J.M., Clarridge, B.R., Casey, V., Welch, L.C., Wetle, T., Shield, R., Mor, V. (2004). Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(1), 88-93. Teno, clarridge, casey, welchl wetle,shield, mor (2004) evaluated 1578 adult patients with different, chronic illnesses end of life experiences by surveying the decedents loved ones and determining whether their perspectives on quality end-of-life care were influenced by the environment where the patient spent their last 48 hours of life. A survey was devised from a conceptual model for patient-focused, family-centered medical care and the calculation of scores and psychometrics of the measures were taken from an online tool formulated by Brown University. Within 9 to 15 months from the time of death a close family member or informant whom was listed on the death certificate was surveyed and was asked about the quality of care their loved one received during their last 48 hours of life. Five different domains were used in the survey, including whether healthcare workers provided patient physical comfort and emotional support, supported collaborative decision-making with the physician , treated the patient with respect, attended to family needs, and provided coordinated care with other healthcare workers or facilities (Teno., et al. 2004). Teno et al. (2004) concluded that 69% of the decedents site of death and last place to receive care was in a hospital or nursing home setting, 31% home, 36% without nursing service, 12% home nursing, and 52% home hospice. The survey showed that family perceptions of the quality of care were different according to where their loved one last received care. Families of patients who were in nursing homes or had home health had a higher rate of unmet needs for pain (Teno., et al. 2004). Over half of the families in hospital or nursing home settings reported unmet emotional needs. In addition, 70% of families receiving home health care reported inadequate emotional support in comparison to 35% in families who utilized home hospice care. Patient and family respect was also a concern to families and varied in different settings. Only 68% of nursing home residents families felt they had been treated with respect and consideration compared to the 96% of families receiving hospice care (Teno et al., 2004). Survey participants felt that physical symptom management was adequately managed so it was comparably equal throughout all patient settings. Although families did not experience a difference in pain or dyspnea management in comparison to other nursing services families who used hospice services overall, 71% reported excellent care (Teno et al., 2004). Kolcaba, K.Y., Steiner, R. (2004). Efficacy of hand massage for enhancing the comfort of hospice patients. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 6(2), 91-102. Kolcaba, Dowd, Steiner, and Mitzel (2004) identified the need for comforting interventions for patients at end of life that are simple, easy to learn and administer, and require minimal effort on behalf of the patient. Bilateral hand massage is a good intervention because it is noninvasive, easy to do, does not take long, and relies on caring/healing touch( Kolcaba., et al. 2004). The purpose of their study was to determine empirically if a bilateral hand massage provided to patients near end of life twice per week for 3 weeks was associated with higher levels of comfort and less symptom distress. 31 adult hospice patients from 2 hospice agencies participated in the study. Each patient was English-speaking and expected to remain alert and oriented for the duration of the trial, 13 months. Data collectors who were unknown to the patients called the homes of the patients, explained the study, and then scheduled an appointment for a research visit. Data was collected at the patients homes and at the hospice centers(Kolcaba., et al. 2004). After informed consent, participants were randomly divided into the treatment group (with 16 patients) and the comparison group (with 15 patients). All participants were asked to complete a modified General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ), tailored for end-of-life patients, once a week for 3 weeks. After completing the questionnaire each week, the treatment group then received the hand massage intervention twice a week for 3 weeks. The comparison group received the intervention once at the end of the study period. The study concluded no significant difference between the treatment and comparison groups in regard to enhanced comfort or decreased symptom distress over time (Kolcaba et al., 2004). However, comfort did increase some in the treatment group even as the patient approached death. The study also revealed that the hand massage seemed to allow more time for therapeutic or face to face communication allowing the patients to talk about how they feel and their feelings on transitioning to death, and patients receiving the intervention reported it to be a personalized experience something they could engage in that feels good, and family members were appreciative of the care and attention their loved one was getting (Kolcaba et al., 2004). Because this intervention is easy to learn and requires minimal time for the caregiver to do and minimal effort for the patient it is an excellent intervention that can even be taught to the family. This study identifies interventions that can be used withi n the hospital setting and any other setting to enhance comfort during end-of-life. Nurses and family members can use this intervention to increase communication by using caring touch, which provide psychosocial care and therefore holistic comfort for the patient. Bakitas, M., Lyons, K. D., Hegel, M. T., Balan, S., Brokaw, F. C., Seville, J., Hull, J. G., Li, Z., Tosteson, T. D., Byock, I. R., Ahles, T. A., (2009). Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 302 (7): 741-749. Bakitas, Lyons, Hegel, Balan, Brokaw, Seville, hull, Li, Tosteson, Byock, Ahles, (2009) using project ENABLE combined with a nurse-led intervention with ongoing assessment, coaching, symptom management, crisis prevetion, and timely referral to palliative care and hospices hypothesize that patients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer if exposed to this intervention right away would become informed, active participants in their care, and would experience an improved quality of life, mood, and have better symptom relief. The study protocol and data and safety monitoring board plan were approved by the institutional review boards of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center and Dartmouth College in Lebanon, New Hampshire, and the Veterans Administration (VA) medical center in White River Junction, Vermont. All patient and caregiver participants signed a document confirming their informed consent.(Bakitas., et al (2009). Participants completed baseline questionnaires when they were enrolled and th en completed a follow-up one month later. Using a stratified randomization scheme patients and their caregivers were randomly assigned to the interventions or usual care group. One of 2 advanced practice nurses with palliative care experience conducted 4 structured educational problem solving sessions first one lasting 41 minutes and sessions 2 through 4 approx 30 minutes each and at least monthly telephone follow-up sessions until the participant died or the study ended (Bakitas., et al.2009) The advanced practice nurse began all contacts with an initial assessment by administering the Distress Thermometer, an 11-point rating scale recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. It identifies sources of distress in the 5 areas of practical problems physical problems, family problems, spiritual, emotional problems or religious concerns. If distress intensity was higher than 3, the advanced practice nurses then identifies the sources of distress and checks to see if the participant would like to problem/solve to take care of their issue. The nurse then covers the assigned module for that session. The participants clinical teams are responsible for all medical decisions and inpatient care management, however the advanced practice nurse was readily available by telephone for the participants and they could also facilitate ancillary resources. The participants also were able to participate in group shared medical appointments (SMAs), which are led by certified palliative care physicians. The usual care participants were allowed to use all oncology and supportive services without restriction. Follow-up questionnaires were mailed every 3 months until the patient died or study completion in December 31, 2007. Quality of Life was measured with a 46-item tool called the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy for Palliative Care. It measures the participants physical, social, emotional, and functional well being along with the concerns of a person whom has a life-threatening illness. Of 1222 screened, 681 were eligible and were approached and 322 were enrolled (47% participation rate). There were a total of 134 participants in the usual care group and 145 participants in the intervention group. A systematic review of specialized palliative care identified 22 trials (16 from the United States) between 1984-2007 with a median sample size of 204, half exclusively with cancer patients. There was lack of evidence due to contamination, adherence, and recruitment etc. The trial addressed these issues and contributed to the increasing evidence that palliative care may improve quality of life and mood at the end of life. In our study, intervention participants higher quality of life and lower depressed mood may be attributed to improved psychosocial and emotional well being. Mood is a determinant of the experience of quality of life and suffering despite a mounting burden of physical symptoms(Bakitas., et al. 2009). However, while patients in the intervention group had improvement in these outcomes, we conservatively planned our original target trial enrollment of 400 based on a significance level of .01. Statistical inferences based on this stringent critical value would lead to the conclusion that there were no statistically significant differences between groups in quality of life or mood(Bakitas., et al. 2009). The study concluded that compared with participants receiving usual oncology care those receiving a nurse-led, palliative care-focused interventions that takes care of the patient holistically provided at the same time with oncology care had higher scores for quality of life and mood, but did not have improvements in symptom intensity scores or reduced days in the hospital (Bakitas., et al. 2009). Level of evidence- Summary The research presented reveals while palliative care order sets provide a helpful guideline or tool which reassures health care providers in giving consistent good quality care, patients care needs should be assessed and individualized orders and interventions should be implemented to ensure a peaceful and comforting dying experience. Hospice care settings have been shown to provide excellent holistic care for dying patients and they have also been shown to show compassion to the family as well. The comfort interventions from these facilities can be modified for application in the hospital for use in the acute care setting. Holistic comfort care interventions include hand massage, music therapy, or the utilization of a visual analog scale the faces to measure comfort. These are some of the ways hospitals can utilize the findings from this research into daily practice to ensure quality holistic patient comfort is achieved and ultimately a peaceful death.

The Trend Towards Fewer And Larger Farms As Economic Growth Occurs :: essays research papers

The Trend Towards Fewer and Larger Farms as Economic Growth Occurs The structure of US agriculture has been shaped towards less but the farms are larger. In the early times of this country, people could make a living on the 160 acres they had received from The Homestead Act of 1862. This act gave families clear titles to 160 acres if they had lived on it for five years. Though in today's changing world farmers have been forced to increase the sites of their operations or go out of the farming business. The farming business is a way of life to most of those who do it and do not want to quit doing it now but with the off of the farm incomes increasing all of the time it is making farmers change their way of life. The Agriculture Economics and Agribusiness textbook, sixth addition, says that there are three classifications of farms by economic size. The first classification is the expanding sector . This sector sales more than $100,000 per year of farm products, it is 16% of the farms in the US. It also produces 80% of all of the farm outputs or products in the US. The farms in this sector produce nearly all of the farm products produced the US but are only contribute to small parts of the farms in the US. The expanding sector of agriculture numbered 271,000 farms in the 1980's. This number increased to 326,000 farms by 1991. The off of the farm income of this sector is only $20,847 per farm. The total income per farm averaged $180,276 per year. This sectors main income comes from farming and very little of its income comes from off of the farm jobs. This sector is growing because there is becoming more big farms that produce most of our food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second sector is called the declining sector. This sector includes the farms that sold products between $20,000 and $99,000 worth of products a year. Those farms decreased from 637,000 in 1980 to 549,000 in 1991. These farms produced only 16%of the total farming output. The income for those farms operators averaged $47,018 per farm in 1991. This used to be the most popular sector of farming people made there living off of small farms like this but within the last 20 years this sector has decreased growth and is decreasing more all the time. These small farms are either being bought out by the larger farms or the owners of these farms could not make a living at it.

Cultural Differentiation and Moral Orientation: Taking an Interest in H

Cultural Differentiation and Moral Orientation In contrast with his major ethical works, Kant’s writings on history are replete with the theme of the social character of moral development and the interdependence of individual and community. I argue that historical-moral progress is an important part of Kant’s comprehensive ethical theory. However, in order to link the moral goals of humanity with the moral goals of individuals, judgement must have a dimension that can apprehend the purposiveness of those human achievements which are social in their significance and socially transmitted. In other words, such achievements transcend individual intention. The ‘historical signs’ of such moral purposiveness provide moral orientation through the conflicting claims that arise within and between complex and historically evolving human communities. I explore the role of disinterested judgement in providing this orientation and in marking the moral disposition of the species. In contrast with his major ethical works, Kant’s writings on history are replete with the theme of the social character of moral development and the interdependence of individual and community. Assuming for the moment that in some fundamental sense, moral decision making is an individual matter, how does the social context of human life affect morality? In particular what is the significance of the fact that our social structures are constituted over time? The thesis of this paper is that Kant's view on the nature of historical-moral progress is an important part of his comprehensive ethical theory. It sets the rational basis for the individual's moral obligation to promote the highest good by providing a moral orientation to guide her through the conflicting clai... ...al change is that while we can adjust our judgments concerning the culpability of past agents to their differing conditions, we cannot reverse or relativize our conception of what is right. (23) Kant, Immanuel, "An Old Question Raised Again", translated by Robert E. Anchor, in On History, op. cit., p. 144 (85). (24) Kant, Immnauel, "What is Enlightenment", translated by Lewis White Beck, in On History, op. cit., pp.4-5 In discussing the differences between the public and private uses of reason Kant makes reference to the possibility that on some occasions the individual will take the point of view of "a society of world citizens" . Thus, the appropriate public can be extended across national boundaries as well as across time. (25) Kant, Immnauel, "Idea for a Universal History", translated by Lewis White Beck, in On History, op cit., p. 24 (30), footnote 7.

Acceleration Within the School System Essay -- essays research papers

Papers on the topic, acceleration within in the school system, have had two very distinct arguments. There are those who believe that accelerating students, enhances their psychological welfare and academic achievements. On the other hand there are those who raise concerns as to whether, accelerating students does negatively affect them in some dimension. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of acceleration in relation to the educational setting, and to discuss the impact (both negative and positive) that acceleration has on the lives of students. I will discuss how and why students are identified as gifted and or talented, and what consequences arise from this label, if any. The essay will then proceed to offer types of programs available for gifted and or talented students in schools. This paper will focus on the various impacts acceleration has on students. Some discussion will be rendered as to the effect on the parents of accelerated students. My conclusions will be deri ved from the various arguments and research that will be presented throughout the essay. From the introduction we are led to the question, of what actually is acceleration? Davis and Rimm (1994) state that â€Å"any strategy that results in advanced placement or credit may be titled as acceleration†(p. 106). Acceleration is the act of advancing students into grades higher than their year of enrolment allows. The Board of Studies guidelines for accelerated progression (1991), define acceleration as involving, â€Å"the promotion of a student to a level of study beyond that which is usual for his/her age† (p.3). Rice (1970) has also defined it as a â€Å"rapid acquisition of knowledge and skills† (p. 178). These definitions of acceleration, especially the one offered by the Board of Studies, closely align Harrison (1995) who describes a gifted child as: One who performs or who has the ability to perform at a level significantly beyond his or her chronologically aged peers and whose unique abilities and characteristics require special provisions and social and emotional support from the family, community and educational context (p. 19). This definition takes into account the socio-emotional support that gifted children require when identified as gifted or talented. Harrison (1995) further recognises that this support does not come solely from the parents or the school but the community as ... ... &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Davis, G.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Gifted Education (2nd ed.). (pp. 27-42).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. Thomas, T.A. (1993). The achievement and social adjustment of accelerated students:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact of the Academic Talent Search after seven years. California:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California State University. (ERIC document ED 368146). VanTassel-Baska, J. (1986). Acceleration. In C. June Maker. (Ed.). Critical issues  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in gifted education: Defensible programs for the gifted. (pp. 179-195). Texas:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PRO-ED. VanTassel-Baska, J. (1997). What matters in curriculum for gifted learners: Reflections  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on theory, research and practice. In Colangelo, N. & Davis, G.A. (Ed.),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handbook of Gifted Education (2nd ed.). (pp. 126-135). Massachusetts: Allyn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  & Bacon.

Lab Report: Antibiotic Evaluation by the Kirby-Bauer Method

Lab Report: Antibiotic Evaluation by the Kirby-Bauer Method Introduction Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one.It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities. To study whether a microbial product qualifies as an effective antibiotic, a standard procedure called the Kirby-Bauer method is employed. This method, which is the procedure recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration, was devised by William Kirby and A. W. Bauer in 1966. In the current protocols involved in the Kirby-Bauer method, Mueller-Hinton standard agar is used as the medium for bacterial culture.The pH of the standard agar is 7. 2 to 7. 4 and it is poured exclusively to a depth of 4 mm. The medium is heavily inoculated with bacteria and paper disks containing enough of the antibiotic under study to create an optical density of 1 (the McFarland standard) are placed on top of the cultures. By examining the results of incubation in the form of a zone of inhibition around each disk after incubation, it can be determined how effective each antibiotic is against any given bacterium. A minimum inhibitory concentration can then be deduced for the given antibiotic vs. he specific bacterium tested so that appropriate dosage may be determined. Resistant bacteria cultures will show a small or no zone of inhibition if their growth is not sufficiently inhibited for the antibiotic to be a viable candidate in treating infection by that organism. Sensi tive cultures, on the other hand, will be appreciably inhibited in their growth or, ideally, eliminated entirely in a relatively large radius around the McFarland standard disk. In this case, the antibiotic under study might be prescribed as a useful counter to illness brought on by that particularly bacterium.In the experiment discussed here, we tested eight antibiotics against four common opportunistic pathogens, namely Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of these, the first two are Gram positive and the latter pair are Gram negative. The eight antibiotics tested were: Ampicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to receptors within the cell wall. The result is a porous cell wall and subsequent lysis carried out by the bacteria's own enzymes.It is effective against many bacteria, both Gram positive and Gram negative, and is particularly used in treating infect ion by E. coli, Salmonella typhosa and Enterococcus faecalis, among others. (DrugBank) This antibiotic is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin, which is itself an antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum. Bacitracin, a mixture of polypeptides obtained from Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. It inhibits synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram positive bacteria by preventing the function of a molecule that transports components to synthesis sites.Bacitracin has a low threshold of toxicity when taken orally or injected, but it has found application as a topical ointment in the prevention of wound infection by Staphylococci. (DrugBank) Chloramphenicol, a broad spectrum antibiotic that is produced synthetically but which was originally discovered in a Streptomyces bacterium. It can be employed against several types of infection but most notably has found application in combating typhoid fever cholera. This antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by suppressing the function of the 50S subunit in bacterial ribosomes.Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic but does not kill bacteria. It also has a low toxicity threshold when ingested, and so it is now used almost exclusively to combat life-threatening illness or infection. (DrugBank) Erythromycin, which is produced by a Streptomyces and functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor in much the same way as Chloramphenicol. It is much less toxic than Chloramphenicol and is used to combat such diseases as whooping cough, diptheria, and pelvic inflammation due to syphilis. (DrugBank) Novobiocin, one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics.This class of antibiotics works by binding to the bacterial 16S rRNA and causing the misreading of tRNA. Because of this, the bacteria synthesizes incomplete or toxic polypeptides, resulting in the death of the bacterial cell. Novobiocin can be used to treat infection by Gram negative bacteria and Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is not effective against anaerobic b acteria, however, and is not often used against Gram positive infections because other antibiotics that are less toxic to the patient are available for this purpose. DrugBank) Moreover, Novobiocin is known to bind to and alter the function of DNA gyrase, effectively stopping proper replication in the bacterial cell and thus bactericidal. Penicillin G, another antibiotic of the beta lactam class. It is used primarily against Gram positive bacteria such as the Streptococci but is also effective against some Gram negatives such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the spirochete Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for syphilis.Penicillin G inhibits synthesis if peptidoglycan by the same mechanism as in Ampicillin. (DrugBank) Polymyxin B, a mixture of polypeptides derived from Bacillus polymyxa. It can be used bactericidally against most Gram negative bacteria and is applied most often against urinary tract, blood, and meningal infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has no effect upon Gr am positive bacteria. It kills bacterial cells by binding to a removing lipids in the cell membrane.Due to this mechanism, however, Polymyxin B also damages eukaryotic cells and thus sometimes proves to be a neuro- and nephrotoxic in humans. (DrugBank) Tetracycline, synthesized from chlortetracycline, a compound produced by a Streptomyces. It works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with protein synthesis and is effective against a wide range of Gram positive and negative bacteria, including the Mycoplasma and the bacteria responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and nongonococcal urinary tract infections. DrugBank) Material and Methods Cultures:Streptococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa One person each in a team of four heavily inoculated two Mueller-Hinton agar plates with one of the cultures listed by aseptic transfer from a broth culture using a sterile cotton swab. Each plate was marked off into four segments, a total of eight sectors. One McFarland standard disk containing one of the eight antibiotics tested was placed, using alcohol-flame sterilized forceps, in the center of a sector.After incubating for 18 hours at 37Â °C, the diameters of the clear zones (zones of inhibition) around each McFarland disk was measured with a standard ruler to the nearest millimeter. The measurements obtained were matched against a chart (Claus 407) to determine whether the bacterium was resistant, sensitive, or intermediate in susceptibility to the antibiotic used. The numbers against which these measurements are matched take into account the difference in zone sizes caused by variations in diffusion rates through agar in the antibiotics tested. Results Bacterium: Streptococcus faecalis | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |28 |S | |Bacitracin |20 |S | |Chloramphenicol |22 |S | |Erythromycin |21 |S | |Novobiocin |20 |S | |Penicillin G |20 |S | |Polymyxin B |0 |R | | Tetracycline |24 |S | Bacterium: Staphylococcus aureus | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |48 |S | |Bacitracin |22 |S | |Chloramphenicol |24 |S | |Erythromycin |25 |S | |Novobiocin |39 |S | |Penicillin G |43 |S | |Polymyxin B |0 |R | |Tetracycline |32 |S | Bacterium: Escherichia coli | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |20 |S | |Bacitracin |11 |R | |Chloramphenicol |0 |R | |Erythromycin |25 |S | |Novobiocin |21 |S | |Penicillin G |8 |R | |Polymyxin B |6 |R | |Tetracycline |12 |R | Bacterium: Streptococcus faecalis | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |0 |R | |Bacitracin |0 |R | |Chloramphenicol |21 |S | |Erythromycin |22 |S | |Novobiocin |10 |R | |Penicillin G |0 |R | |Polymyxin B |18 |S | |Tetracycline |25 |S | Discussion S. faecalis was sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested except for Polymyxin B. Since that antibiotic is known to be effective only agai nst Gram negative bacteria, this observation is in keeping with expected results.As a Gram positive, one would expect, as we observed, that it would be sensitive to polypeptide inhibitors, such as Penicillin G and Ampicillin, as well as protein synthesis inhibitors, such as Tetracycline and Erythromycin. Novobiocin, while not often used against Gram positives due to concerns about its toxicity, is known to be effective against Gram positives as well, which is borne out by these observations. Like S. faecalis, S. aureus is a Gram positive, and so would be expected to be sensitive to the same antibiotics and resistant to Polymyxin B. Our observations verify this as well. E. coli is Gram negative, and our observations show it to be sensitive only to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Novobiocin.It was, however, resistant to Penicillin G, demonstrating that there is some chemical factor which allows one beta lactam antibiotic to inhibit this bacterium (Ampicillin) while another (Penicillin G) do es not. This is likely due to the difference in chemical structure of the two. Penicillin G lacks an amino group, which is present on Ampicillin. It may well be that the presence of a partially-charged amino group on Ampicillin allows it to be uptaken by the bacterium more readily than Penicillin G. (Deacon) More unexpectedly, E. coli was resistant to Chloramphenicol, even though this antibiotic is useful in inhibiting other Gram negative bacteria. It may be that the E. oli strain used in this experiment has developed a resistance to this particular antibiotic. P. aeruginosa also proved to be resistant to Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Novobiocin, and Penicillin G. This suggests that the chemical structure which allows Ampicillin to inhibit E. coli is not effective in the case of this bacterium, which is sensitive to neither of these beta lactams. Bacitracin is only useful against Gram positives as well, so it had no noticeable affect upon P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, this culture was sensitive to Polymyxin B, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, and Erythromycin, as one would predict for a Gram negative. Its resistance to Novobiocin is due to its having a modified DNA gyrase (Miller 674).It is worth noting in this case that while the bacterium is resistant, Novobiocin does have some effect at a standard concentration, and higher concentrations can be used to kill the organism. Such concentrations, however, would also be toxic to the patient if taken as a chemotherapeutic dosage. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria has been an ongoing phenomenon since shortly after the widespread use of penicillin, the first antibiotic, began. The rate at which this occurs has increased as the availability and employment has increased since then, and it has now become a significant medical problem. The major reason for this is that the use of antibiotics acts as a selective pressure. Those bacteria which carry a mutation on their plasmids that make them able to s urvive treatment give hem access to a niche which non-resistant strains cannot exploit, leading to their proliferation both in infected individuals and ultimately in the environment in general. The use of antibiotics kills not only pathogens, but also normal microflora which might otherwise prevent virulent bacteria from establishing a foothold in the human body. Thanks to the phenomenon of transformation, in which living bacteria can incorporate naked genetic material left over when other cells are lysed for reasons other than antibiotic sensitivity, resistance genes can cross between genera. For example, the Staphylococci can incorporate resistance genes from Bacilli and Streptococci.Added to this are resistance genes that exist as transposons found in the main bacterial genome and which can be transmitted to other members of the same species by temperate phages via the process of transduction. These mechanisms have resulted in the arisal of such things as Vancomycin-resistant str ains of S. aureus, responsible for a usually-lethal nosocomial infection that, ironically, is carried by the very bacteria that Alexander Fleming first observed as being susceptible to penicillin, the original antibiotic. (Deacon) Literature cited Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 45(4):493-6. Deacon, J. The Microbial World: Penicillin and Other Antibiotics. http://helios. bto. ed. ac. k/bto/microbes/penicill. htm. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Edinburgh. August 2003. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00320. July 29 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00816. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00862. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/d rugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00953. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00694. xt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00646. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD01190. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00572. txt. July 29, 2006. Miller RV, Scurlock TR. 1983. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase-II) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 110 (2):694-700. Understanding Microbes: A Laboratory Textbook for Microbiology, by G. William Claus, W. H. Freeman and Co. , New York, 1988.

The Legalization of Marijuana

There are many reasons why It should be legal. This essay will focus mostly on the medical benefits, but will also compare marl]nana to other drugs, as you can see with this table that marijuana is less toxic than compared to other drugs such as alcohol and prescription drugs. According to this table it is about as toxic and dangerous as caffeine. (Winnfield, 1994) Consuming alcohol excessively is the third leading preventable cause of death In the United States and can really damage the liver, yet this substance Is legal to consume In the United States.Take into the consideration that there are many accidents due to drunk driving or driving under the influence. There is little evidence that cannabis that is used long term causes permanent damage. Lung cancer can be prevented by using a vaporizer. Vaporizer are devices that heat the active constituents to a temperature below the ignition point of the cannabis, so that their vapors can be inhaled. Combustion of the plant material is a voided which prevents the harmful carcinogens such as carbon monoxide from forming† There are problems that cannabis can cause with certain people such as psychotic disorder.A 24 year old man whom we will call Mr.. Z was hospitalized for insomnia, irritability and aggressiveness 2 years after military service. A urine screening revealed that he used cannabises semi-daily and no other substance abuse. Four months later, he presented to a marijuana clinic complaining of chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety and was given a diagnosis of postgraduates stress disorder (POTS) and pain, along with a medical recommendation for cannabis. No psychotic symptoms were elicited. He also increased the frequency of his daily use from approximately once to twice daily. Six months later, Mr..Z was rationalized with new-onset auditory illustrations and delusions. Irreparable (1 5 MGM/day) was prescribed, with gradual symptomatic Improvement, and then tapered to a lower dose (7. 5 MGM/day) due to t remor. The patient reported that he believed smoking cannabis helped his chronic plan out Tanat It worsened Nils synoptic symptoms, sun Tanat en wanted Nell to stop smoking the drug. After 4 weeks, he was discharged to residential substance abuse treatment with only mild, residual psychotic symptoms and a discharge diagnosis of psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, POTS, and cannabis dependence.At a 3- month follow-up evaluation, while still taking irreparable, Mr.. Z remained off cannabis and free of psychotic symptoms. † (Pierre, 2010) Marijuana had benefits throughout history, there have been reports of the symptoms that marijuana has cured. The standard review set forth by the FED&C Act, demands clinical investigations and scientific proof by experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug involved.Therefore it is appropriate in detail that material regarding the safety and efficiency of medical marijuana is true (Coh en, 2009) . All drugs do have side effects but with marijuana the dangers are far less. It is used to treat nausea, vomiting, insomnia, lack of appetite, movement disorders, pain, cancer, alcohol abuse, bipolar disorder, inflammatory bowel disease and a host of other symptoms. With stress marijuana helps calm people down and not dwell on problems that they have, while the problems do not go away it is considered to help cope with the problems.Finding the balance to deal with your problems and have marijuana help cope is key to making the use successful. Not finding a balance can be negative as much as it is positive. In general everyone has some type of problem and smoking marijuana can help. In 1851, the United States granted marijuana the status of a legitimate medical compound. The complaints for doing this that cannabis had treated where neuralgia, gout, tetanus, hydrophobia, convulsions, mental depression, hysteria and insanity. This was supported by anecdotal input and not sci entific data.Anecdotal reports are suggestive and do not constitute the firm scientific reports that is essential to Justify the approval of marijuana to be completely legal. A recent study suggests that marijuana may be a useful addition to chemotherapy for hepatitis C, a deadly infection. Drugs that are used to treat HCI are effective but have ever side effects such as extreme fatigue, nausea, muscle aches, loss of appetite, and depression. Sylvester and colleagues found that smoking marijuana significantly ameliorated these symptoms.This enabled patients to complete treatment when patients who did not smoke opted to not complete treatment (Cohen, 2009). In 2007 the efficiency of smoking marijuana by the AIDS community was verified by a scientific peer-reviewed publication by Donald Abram and coworkers. In this publication random volunteers were assigned to smoke marijuana or identical placebo cigarettes three times daily for 5 days. The report stated that the percentage f subject s who smoked reported more than a 30% reduction in pain intensity, the study found that marijuana reduced daily pain by an average of 34% (Cohen, 2009).Even in friends and family that I have talked to also reported that this is true, that smoking marijuana has helped them deal with pain. They also stated that it has helped keep them calm and would rather smoke marijuana then drink alcohol. I en tests Ana Tact's snow Tanat ten Detentes AT marijuana outline ten rills information in this essay shows the risks of marijuana compared to other prescribed drugs are less. With all drugs there are side effects especially death which is almost inexistent in marijuana, people can benefit more from it especially using vaporizer which cuts down the chance for getting lung cancer. The Legalization of Marijuana There are many reasons why It should be legal. This essay will focus mostly on the medical benefits, but will also compare marl]nana to other drugs, as you can see with this table that marijuana is less toxic than compared to other drugs such as alcohol and prescription drugs. According to this table it is about as toxic and dangerous as caffeine. (Winnfield, 1994) Consuming alcohol excessively is the third leading preventable cause of death In the United States and can really damage the liver, yet this substance Is legal to consume In the United States.Take into the consideration that there are many accidents due to drunk driving or driving under the influence. There is little evidence that cannabis that is used long term causes permanent damage. Lung cancer can be prevented by using a vaporizer. Vaporizer are devices that heat the active constituents to a temperature below the ignition point of the cannabis, so that their vapors can be inhaled. Combustion of the plant material is a voided which prevents the harmful carcinogens such as carbon monoxide from forming† There are problems that cannabis can cause with certain people such as psychotic disorder.A 24 year old man whom we will call Mr.. Z was hospitalized for insomnia, irritability and aggressiveness 2 years after military service. A urine screening revealed that he used cannabises semi-daily and no other substance abuse. Four months later, he presented to a marijuana clinic complaining of chronic pain, insomnia, and anxiety and was given a diagnosis of postgraduates stress disorder (POTS) and pain, along with a medical recommendation for cannabis. No psychotic symptoms were elicited. He also increased the frequency of his daily use from approximately once to twice daily. Six months later, Mr..Z was rationalized with new-onset auditory illustrations and delusions. Irreparable (1 5 MGM/day) was prescribed, with gradual symptomatic Improvement, and then tapered to a lower dose (7. 5 MGM/day) due to t remor. The patient reported that he believed smoking cannabis helped his chronic plan out Tanat It worsened Nils synoptic symptoms, sun Tanat en wanted Nell to stop smoking the drug. After 4 weeks, he was discharged to residential substance abuse treatment with only mild, residual psychotic symptoms and a discharge diagnosis of psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, POTS, and cannabis dependence.At a 3- month follow-up evaluation, while still taking irreparable, Mr.. Z remained off cannabis and free of psychotic symptoms. † (Pierre, 2010) Marijuana had benefits throughout history, there have been reports of the symptoms that marijuana has cured. The standard review set forth by the FED&C Act, demands clinical investigations and scientific proof by experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug involved.Therefore it is appropriate in detail that material regarding the safety and efficiency of medical marijuana is true (Coh en, 2009) . All drugs do have side effects but with marijuana the dangers are far less. It is used to treat nausea, vomiting, insomnia, lack of appetite, movement disorders, pain, cancer, alcohol abuse, bipolar disorder, inflammatory bowel disease and a host of other symptoms. With stress marijuana helps calm people down and not dwell on problems that they have, while the problems do not go away it is considered to help cope with the problems.Finding the balance to deal with your problems and have marijuana help cope is key to making the use successful. Not finding a balance can be negative as much as it is positive. In general everyone has some type of problem and smoking marijuana can help. In 1851, the United States granted marijuana the status of a legitimate medical compound. The complaints for doing this that cannabis had treated where neuralgia, gout, tetanus, hydrophobia, convulsions, mental depression, hysteria and insanity. This was supported by anecdotal input and not sci entific data.Anecdotal reports are suggestive and do not constitute the firm scientific reports that is essential to Justify the approval of marijuana to be completely legal. A recent study suggests that marijuana may be a useful addition to chemotherapy for hepatitis C, a deadly infection. Drugs that are used to treat HCI are effective but have ever side effects such as extreme fatigue, nausea, muscle aches, loss of appetite, and depression. Sylvester and colleagues found that smoking marijuana significantly ameliorated these symptoms.This enabled patients to complete treatment when patients who did not smoke opted to not complete treatment (Cohen, 2009). In 2007 the efficiency of smoking marijuana by the AIDS community was verified by a scientific peer-reviewed publication by Donald Abram and coworkers. In this publication random volunteers were assigned to smoke marijuana or identical placebo cigarettes three times daily for 5 days. The report stated that the percentage f subject s who smoked reported more than a 30% reduction in pain intensity, the study found that marijuana reduced daily pain by an average of 34% (Cohen, 2009).Even in friends and family that I have talked to also reported that this is true, that smoking marijuana has helped them deal with pain. They also stated that it has helped keep them calm and would rather smoke marijuana then drink alcohol. I en tests Ana Tact's snow Tanat ten Detentes AT marijuana outline ten rills information in this essay shows the risks of marijuana compared to other prescribed drugs are less. With all drugs there are side effects especially death which is almost inexistent in marijuana, people can benefit more from it especially using vaporizer which cuts down the chance for getting lung cancer.

Process Of The Smallpox Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The beginning of variola is unsure, but it is believed to hold originated in Africa and so distribute to India and China 1000s of old ages ago. The first recorded variola epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. Smallpox reached Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries and was present in major European metropoliss by the eighteenth century. Epidemics occurred in the North American settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. At one clip variola was a important disease in every state throughout the universe except Australia and a few stray islands. Millions of people died in Europe and Mexico as a consequence of widespread variola epidemics. The autumn of aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ caused by the smallpox virus. Smallpox has two clinical signifiers, major smallpox and minor smallpox. Major smallpox is documented as manifesting in four different types, ordinary, modified, level and hemorrhagic. Major smallpox is the more serious of the two signifiers dwelling of more extended roseola and higher febrilities. Of the four types of smallpox major ordinary histories for the bulk of instances, approximately 90 % , modified occurs in antecedently vaccinated individuals and is non found really frequently. Flat and hemorrhagic are seldom found nevertheless, are normally really terrible and fatal. Of all the individuals infected with smallpox major the human death rate is about 30 % . The 2nd signifier smallpox child is the rarest signifier of the two. The badness of smallpox child is really low and the human death rate of individuals affected by this signifier is normally merely 1 % . The early symptoms of the disease are similar to the grippe which normally manifests 12-14 yearss after the initial exposure. The features of variolas are normally fever, utmost weariness, musculus achings and a skin roseola that gets increasingly worse over the class of the disease. The roseola starts as a little ruddy musca volitanss on the lingua and in the oral cavity. Then the musca volitanss become hypertrophied blisters that break unfastened run outing the virus down the pharynx. This is considered the most contagious phase of the disease. Normally during the clip when the unfastened sores develop in the oral cavity the roseola normally appears on the face, weaponries and legs so it spreads to the bole. The whole organic structure is covered with the roseola within 24 hours after the blisters in the oral cavity interruption unfastened. Unlike varicella, smallpox lesions all advancement at the same rate. Around the 3rd twenty-four hours after symptoms start, the febrility norma lly falls and the individual feels better nevertheless this is when the roseola starts to knock up. Then the bumps become Pus filled blisters with a â€Å" navel like † centre. It is about this clip in the disease patterned advance that the febrility will lift once more and remain high until the blisters start to scab over, normally about two hebdomads. During this clip the individual is still really contagious. Within about three hebdomads of the development of the roseola the strikebreaker Begin to fall off go forthing behind alveolate cicatrixs on the tegument. It is merely after all of the strikebreakers have fallen off that the individual is no longer contagious. From the clip that the blisters in the oral cavity interruption unfastened to the clip the strikebreakers fall off, normally about 4-5 hebdomads, the individual must remain wholly stray. â€Å" Persons who have had contact with the patient should be isolated for 17 yearss. † ( Nettina, S. , Ed. , 2010, p. 1225 ) Normally immature kids and immature grownups are the 1s at hazard for this disease. Family member of person infected with variola are at really high hazard for undertaking the disease. Isolation has a profound consequence on the societal, household, religious and physiological province of the septic individual. They are non able to come in contact with anyone. They must to the full trust on themselves for all ADL ‘s. This could be really seeking on the septic individual because they have a high febrility, weariness and musculus achings doing it really hard for them to even carry through a simple undertaking. Harmonizing to the CDC, ( 2004 ) Peoples placed in isolation will non be able to travel to work. Stairss will be taken to care for their mundane demands ( e.g. , nutrient and other demands ) . Normally medical and nursing attention of individuals infected with variola is supportive attention, antibiotic disposal, antiviral medicine disposal and IV solutions given to forestall desiccation. All nurses and medical professionals that come in contact with septic individuals will be offered the inoculation for the disease nevertheless, they do non hold to take it nor will they be forced to. Harmonizing to Mosby ‘s Dictionary of medical specialty, nursing, and wellness professions ( 2009 ) , â€Å" the last instance of variola in the U.S. was in 1949, and the last recorded instance in the universe was in Somalia in 1977. † Since the disease has been eradicated and inoculation is no longer required, terrible and sometimes fatal reactions to the vaccinum are no longer a menace. The inoculation to forestall variola is a unrecorded smallpox virus therefore there is an associated hazard to those who receive the vaccinum of developing the disease. Smallpox nevertheless is thought to be one of the diseases that may someday be used in biological terrorism. This is why, â€Å" Right now, the U.S. authorities has adequate variola vaccinum to immunize every individual in the United States in the instance of a smallpox exigency. † ( CDC, 2004 ) The CDC besides has an exigency protocol put into topographic point for wellness professionals in instance of a smallpox eruption. Mentions Brannon, H. MD. ( 2004, September ) . Health ‘s Disease and Condition. aˆÂ ¦ Students Paper: aˆÂ ¦ and Condition. The History of Smallpox: The Rise and Fall of a Disease aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //current.com/news/90287969_nightmare-scenario-h1n1-deliberately-designed.htm aˆÂ ¦ Vierotchka y The History of Smallpox The history of the rise and autumn of variola is a aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ a Disease. Retrieved on September 24, 2010, from aˆÂ ¦ Students Paper: aˆÂ ¦ 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/smallpoxhx.htm Division of aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //current.com/news/90287969_nightmare-scenario-h1n1-deliberately-designed.htm aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //current.com/http: //dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/smallpoxhx.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/smallpoxhx.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //current.com aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Division of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response ( DBPR ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . ( 2004, December 30 ) . Smallpox Facts Sheet: Smallpox Overview. Retrieved on September 24, 2010, aˆÂ ¦ Students Paper: aˆÂ ¦ 24, 2010, from & gt ; Division of aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chacha.com/question/what-is-small-pox aˆÂ ¦ min ago From hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp www.bt.cdc.gov Rate This aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ & gt ;Division of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response ( DBPR ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . ( 2002, November 26 ) . The CDC Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines. Annex 1-Overview of Smallpox and Clinical Presentations, and Medical Care of Smallpox Patient. Retrieved on September 24, 2010, aˆÂ ¦ Students Paper: aˆÂ ¦ 24, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chacha.com/question/what-is-small-pox aˆÂ ¦ min ago From hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ /response-plan/index.asp # extension Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. ( 2009, August 14 ) . Smallpox. aˆÂ ¦ Students Paper: aˆÂ ¦ 14 ) . Smallpox. Retrieved on September 24, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.com aˆÂ ¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //stjohnbaptist.wordpress.com/ aˆÂ ¦ BibleGateway.com. Retrieved on September 24, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biblegateway.com aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ .mayoclinic.com/health/smallpox/DS00424 Mosby ‘s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & A ; Health Professions ( 8th ed. ) . ( 2009 ) . St. Louis: Mosby Elsivier Nettina, S. ( Ed. ) . ( 2010 ) . Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice. ( 9th ed. ) . ( p. 1225 ) . Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong, Sydney, Tokyo: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams & A ; WilkinsList of plagiaristic paperssA A A A11 % hypertext transfer protocol: //current.com/news/90287969_nightmare-scenario-h1n1-deliberately-designed.htmA A A A10 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080321150116AA0W1E5A A A A10 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=1006032205500A A A A10 % hypertext transfer protocol: //dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/smallpoxhx.htmA A A A8 % hypertext transfer protocol: //acapella.harmony-central.com/archive/index.php/t-991334.htmlA A A A8 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.astrologynyc.org/ncgrnyc-articlep.htmlA A A A7 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20081203144054AA5CxNXA A A A3 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chacha.com/question/what-is-small-poxA A A A2 % hypertext transfer protocol: //stjohnbaptist.wordpress.com/A A A A2 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chacha.com/question/is-small-pox-a-virusA A A A1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-627225.htmlA A A A1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sj-r.com/firstinprint/x1470552373/Community-Garden-is-home-to-about-120-000-new-workersA A A A1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nerc.ac.uk/press/releases/2002/11-westnilevirus.aspA A A A1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gopetsamerica.com/chinese-crested-dog/chinese-crested-dog.aspxA A A A0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clarke.edu/WorkArea/linkit.aspx? LinkIdentifier=id & A ; ItemID=18136Master papers textPNUR 112 MED SURG Smallpox Disease Research Trisha Weaver 9/24/2010 Abstraction This paper focuses on the procedure of the smallpox disease, the causes and the different phases of the disease. Besides outlined in this paper are the affects that the disease has on the septic individual, non merely the physiological affects but besides the societal, mental, and religious. I have besides included any interventions, bar and nursing intercessions that are associated with variola. To give readers a better apprehension of this paper I feel it is of import to give a brief history of the smallpox disease. Harmonizing to Heather Brannon, MD, ( 2004 ) , The beginning of variola is unsure, but it is believed to hold originated in Africa and so distribute to India and China 1000s of old ages ago. The first recorded variola epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. Smallpox reached Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries and was present in major European metropoliss by the eighteenth century. Epidemics occurred in the North American settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. At one clip variola was a important disease in every state throughout the universe except Australia and a few stray islands. Millions of people died in Europe and Mexico as a consequence of widespread variola epidemics. Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the smallpox virus. Smallpox has two clinical signifiers, major smallpox and minor smallpox. Major smallpox is documented as manifesting in four different types, ordinary, modified, level and hemorrhagic. Major smallpox is the more serious of the two signifiers dwelling of more extended roseola and higher febrilities. Of the four types of smallpox major ordinary histories for the bulk of instances, approximately 90 % , modified occurs in antecedently vaccinated individuals and is non found really frequently. Flat and hemorrhagic are seldom found nevertheless, are normally really terrible and fatal. Of all the individuals infected with smallpox major the human death rate is about 30 % . The 2nd signifier smallpox child is the rarest signifier of the two. The badness of smallpox child is really low and the human death rate of individuals affected by this signifier is normally merely 1 % . The early symptoms of the disease are similar to the grippe which normally manifests 12-14 yearss after the initial exposure. The features of variolas are normally fever, utmost weariness, musculus achings and a skin roseola that gets increasingly worse over the class of the disease. The roseola starts as a little ruddy musca volitanss on the lingua and in the oral cavity. Then the musca volitanss become hypertrophied blisters that break unfastened run outing the virus down the pharynx. This is considered the most contagious phase of the disease. Normally during the clip when the unfastened sores develop in the oral cavity the roseola normally appears on the face, weaponries and legs so it spreads to the bole. The whole organic structure is covered with the roseola within 24 hours after the blisters in the oral cavity interruption unfastened. Unlike varicella, smallpox lesions all advancement at the same rate. Around the 3rd twenty-four hours after symptoms start, the febrility norma lly falls and the individual feels better nevertheless this is when the roseola starts to knock up. Then the bumps become Pus filled blisters with a â€Å" navel like † centre. It is about this clip in the disease patterned advance that the febrility will lift once more and remain high until the blisters start to scab over, normally about two hebdomads. During this clip the individual is still really contagious. Within about three hebdomads of the development of the roseola the strikebreaker Begin to fall off go forthing behind alveolate cicatrixs on the tegument. It is merely after all of the strikebreakers have fallen off that the individual is no longer contagious. From the clip that the blisters in the oral cavity interruption unfastened to the clip the strikebreakers fall off, normally about 4-5 hebdomads, the individual must remain wholly stray. â€Å" Persons who have had contact with the patient should be isolated for 17 yearss. † ( Nettina, S. , Ed. , 2010, p. 1225 ) Normally immature kids and immature grownups are the 1s at hazard for this disease. Family member of person infected with variola are at really high hazard for undertaking the disease. Isolation has a profound consequence on the societal, household, religious and physiological province of the septic individual. They are non able to come in contact with anyone. They must to the full trust on themselves for all ADL ‘s. This could be really seeking on the septic individual because they have a high febrility, weariness and musculus achings doing it really hard for them to even carry through a simple undertaking. Harmonizing to the CDC, ( 2004 ) Peoples placed in isolation will non be able to travel to work. Stairss will be taken to care for their mundane demands ( e.g. , nutrient and other demands ) . Normally medical and nursing attention of individuals infected with variola is supportive attention, antibiotic disposal, antiviral medicine disposal and IV solutions given to forestall desiccation. All nurses and medical professionals that come in contact with septic individuals will be offered the inoculation for the disease nevertheless, they do non hold to take it nor will they be forced to. Harmonizing to Mosby ‘s Dictionary of medical specialty, nursing, and wellness professions ( 2009 ) , â€Å" the last instance of variola in the U.S. was in 1949, and the last recorded instance in the universe was in Somalia in 1977. † Since the disease has been eradicated and inoculation is no longer required, terrible and sometimes fatal reactions to the vaccinum are no longer a menace. The inoculation to forestall variola is a unrecorded smallpox virus therefore there is an associated hazard to those who receive the vaccinum of developing the disease. Smallpox nevertheless is thought to be one of the diseases that may someday be used in biological terrorism. This is why, â€Å" Right now, the U.S. authorities has adequate variola vaccinum to immunize every individual in the United States in the instance of a smallpox exigency. † ( CDC, 2004 ) The CDC besides has an exigency protocol put into topographic point for wellness professionals in instance of a smallpox eruption.