Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate Essays

Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate Essays Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate Paper Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate Paper Point: The point of this examination is to research the effect of caffeine on the pulse of Daphnia (Water Fleas). Theory: The pulse of the Daphnia will increment when presented to caffeine. Caffeine goes about as an energizer, which causes stimulatory synapses to be discharged in overabundance sums. This causes the mind to feel increasingly alarm and furthermore increments mental movement. Along these lines an expansion in the pulse is likely if progressively physical action is occurring. Strategy: 1. Set up mechanical assembly required 6 Daphnia, hole slides, dropping pipettes, refined water, caffeine tablets, cotton fleece, glass measuring glasses, test tubes, test tube rack, stop clock, channel paper, and magnifying instrument. 2. After gear is set us, gather 6 Daphnia. Spot 3 into lake water and 3 into caffeine arrangement. 3. At that point place a dainty layer of cotton fleece onto the slides under the magnifying instrument. 4. Gather one Daphnia from the lake water, utilizing the pipette and spot onto cotton fleece. Looking under the magnifying lens, time its pulse for 15 seconds utilizing a stop clock and record. 5. Sit tight for 2 minutes and afterward record the heartbeat again for 15 seconds. Guarantee the stop clock is running persistently all through. 6. Record the heartbeat of the Daphnia at regular intervals for 15 seconds until you have chronicles for the beginning, after 2 mins, 4 mins and 6 mins. 7. Rehash stages 4-6 another multiple times. This will guarantee the outcomes are dependable as the examination would have been rehashed a few times. 8. Subsequent to having rehashed the analysis, change the cotton fleece and rehash stages 4-7, this time utilizing the Daphnia from the caffeine arrangement. Hazard Assessment/Safety: Wear gloves when working with natural example and guarantee you wash hands after the commonsense as they may contain microbes which could spread making hurt others. Likewise ensure you wear sterile garments if there should arise an occurrence of any spillage onto your garments. Use goggles again to secure eyes, if there should arise an occurrence of spillage. Additionally wipe down surfaces and wash hands with hostile to bacterial splashes/cleanser to clean away any microscopic organisms. Moral Issues: Try to guarantee that the Daphnia remain alive after use as they are living animals as well. To guarantee the Daphnia remain alive, use pipettes while moving the Daphnia from the arrangement, to the magnifying instrument and go into lake water.

Martin Gansberg Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder and Didn’t Call the Police Essay

The article by Martin Gansberg, Thirty-eight who saw murder and didn’t call the police, is about a segregated occasion. I don’t think something like this happens a great deal. Typically individuals would call the police or plan something for help the person in question. Be that as it may, shockingly some of the time individuals can be freezing or even unfeeling, as for this situation. A few people just don’t care about what is happening around them, in the event that somebody needs assistance or some participation. It’s increasingly regular for the individuals who live in large urban communities in light of the fact that in a bustling urban life, in the group current they don’t have an opportunity to stop and break down what might be the best activity and they just don’t need to get included and put themselves in inconveniences. In modest communities individuals are increasingly responsive, and the circumstance like this would less inclined to occur. Something else that is influent is wrongdoing and brutality scenes that individuals continually observe on TV, web, motion pictures. Individuals becoming accustomed to seeing that on television all the time, all things considered, see it like another show and simply watch with no activity and some of them even get amped up for how it’s all going to end. Fortunately I have never been in circumstance when I needed to report a wrongdoing in progress, yet I know whether something happens I won't remain there and watch. What's more, ideally I will never get in circumstance when I’m the person who needs assistance and nobody makes a difference. The initial line of the Martin Gansberg’s article â€Å"Thirty-eight who saw murder and didn’t call the police† states: â€Å" For the greater part an hour 38 decent, well behaved residents in Queens viewed an incredible tail and wound a lady in three separate assaults in Kew Gardens. † But it doesn’t imply that they were remaining around like in field viewing the executioner butchering a casualty from the earliest starting point as far as possible. The creator utilizes little embellishment to sensationalize what occurred. It may not be the reality however it communicates author’s position. It shows how furious and disillusioned he is, it shows his judgment. Despite the fact that journalists, particularly correspondents, have a moral obligation to be precise, little embellishment and twisting can have a spot, what can help creator to communicate their position and their perspective. What makes a difference is the thing that precisely and what amount has been twisted. For instance, article says that the executioner made three endeavors to slaughter the lady. In the event that to be sure the casualty kicked the bucket from the main endeavor and the executioner pursue away that, however creator changed the story to make it progressively emotional, that would be intense mutilation of the story.

Lexington and Concord, battles of

Lexington and Concord, battles of Lexington and Concord, battles of, opening engagements of the American Revolution , Apr. 19, 1775. After the passage (1774) of the Intolerable Acts by the British Parliament, unrest in the colonies increased. The British commander at Boston, Gen. Thomas Gage , sought to avoid armed rebellion by sending a column of royal infantry from Boston to capture colonial military stores at Concord. News of his plan was dispatched to the countryside by Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott. As the advance column under Major John Pitcairn reached Lexington, they came upon a group of militia (the minutemen). After a brief exchange of shots in which several Americans were killed, the colonials withdrew, and the British continued to Concord. Here they destroyed some military supplies, fought another engagement, and began a harried withdrawal to Boston, which cost them over 200 casualties. See studies by A. French (1925) and A. B. Tourtellot (1959, repr. 1963). The Columbia Ele ctronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

It Governance And Corporate Governance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1476 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This assignment work specifically based on IT governance services at ING, The IT governance can be defined as services which provided by Governance rule, and its include Senior management for direct ,measure and evaluate the use of an enterprises the resources support achievement of un-organization structure and process. 5 Description of the company and the market it operates ING is a financial institution of Dutch origin offering banking, insurance and asset management services, the company was formed in 1991 after a merger between the NMB Postbank and the insurance company Nationale-Nederlanden, the merger created the ING Group. The term ING is abbreviated as Internationale Nederlanden Groep. The companys head quarters is located in Armstedam,Netherland, After the merger the company expanded its markets beyond netherland by making acquisitionson different parts of the world on the banking and insurance sectors. ING operations are divided into three sections the banking, asset management and the insurance section, whereas in banking the company offers services in commercial banking(for coporations and institutions),retail banking as well as investment banking.In insurance the company provides retirement and life insurance services and asset management for fund distributors, institutional clients. As of 2010 the company had a net income of $77 bil lion dollars, with more than 100,000 employees worldwide, According to the fortunemagazine the company serves 85 million clients worldwide both businesses and individuals. (165) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "It Governance And Corporate Governance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order A description of the IT governance used First we must to understand what is the IT governance and how its work IT governance is the process and the relationship that leads to reasoned decision making. For direct measure and evaluate the use of an organisation process, to support the structure and process This Include, what decision need to made, who is accountable for making the decision, how with the decision be made. It governance used the type which it called dashboard process, this dashboard process is carried out at the same time as INGs annual medium -term business planning exercise for provide the information necessary to develop and compare the most appropriate metrics on IT spend, performance and value, help identify positive and negative trends, enable direct comparison with specifically commissioned for group information and direct comparison of metrics among different business units. Meanwhile for to assist senior business and IT management to exercise their governance responsibilities over IT invest ments With the rapid expansion of the company the case study shows ING decided to introduce governance on its IT investment management, by doing this the company viewed its IT as investment rather than operational costs, for better managing such investment an IT governance was devised, whereas the governance stipulated all the rules and conditions that are to be followed in regards to IT investments, the fundaments of the governance was around assigning responsibilities, better communication channels, empowerment and authority, in implementing this different boards and committees were formed with specific responsibilities e.g. IT policy Board. The it governance used was structured in a way that it only fulfils the goal of accomplishing the business values of the firm, As an investment the governance was used to guide management of IT investment as a normal investment, whereby different measurement techniques were used to calculate different variations in relation to the IT such a s investment return of IT, performance, value before investing, and risk analysis. 6 The governance also empowers designated individuals to conduct continuous monitoring and evaluations of IT investments in a bid to ensure that the benefits are inclining with the business strategy and that contingencies are in place in case of deviations, and the company is not far off from the competitors. (366) A summary of the case study Since its formation in the early 1990s ING as a company has been constantly evolving its business strategy and information technology strategy, at first the company treated these two components as separate entities, i.e. there was miss-alignment between these two components, but this was not productive and the company saw itself lagging behind by not achieving its business goals, despite the company being committed to making major investments in IT resources, the return on such investments was not so visible, and since IT was the life blood of the company something had to be done. The gradual expansion of ING as a company made the company look far beyond its home base (Netherlands), and acknowledge that in order to evolve as an international company there has to be IT governance within the company strategy that is fully dedicated to provide guidelines to the management of IT infrastructure of the company. ING resolve this challenge by introducing IT Dashboard as a comprehensive framework to help organization align its strategic business objectives to its IT Investment. According to the case study Dashboard played an integral role in the rollout of ING bank strategies for global expansion. to the more success that can be demonstrate from its own IT dashboard analysis and the knowledge and the tools that have been developed, the ING is considering the potential benefit to the organisation in providing similar IT value and performance services to other organisation as an commercial service. (248) Critical Analysis By incorporating IT governance into the corporate strategy the company was able to conjoin the business strategy and the information technology strategy, since these two strategies tend to complement each other it was the right decision, because there now was a guide book on how to manage both strategies and definition of responsibilities, authority and empowerment within the company in the process making sure the IT processes are solely there to support the achievement of the companys business goals, this eliminated the probability of bad IT investments, with the increase in accountability and better communication exchange within the company. IT governance has made an impact on the board level by ensuring that the top management is constantly informed and IT investment is transparent to management, however in the case study, ING confessed the financial transparency of many IT investments is not as clearly defined as it should be therefore, ING is not always clear on the returns expected from the investment being made. 7 IT governance has made an impact on the board level by ensuring that the top management is constantly informed, about IT related issues and the governance structure is devised in a way to make sure that leaders are fully committed. Also the implementation of IT governance has encourage specialisation and division of labour within ING whereby different specific-tasked committees have been created with responsibility to deal with different aspects of IT governance, for example committees were formed for making policies, Information security, standards and IT investments. This enabled the company to make good and quick decision as a result of good communication channels and credible information. This has increased efficiency and employee productivity. By having a formal process of governing its IT operation the company has been able to control its IT expenditure on current IT infrastructure as well as new developments, this has becom e possible because of the creation of IT related committees at board level which discuss about the policies, standards that must be adhered to when it comes to IT investments, therefore it has minimised the misallocation of funds on IT projects that are not sustainable or too risky. IT governance increased transparency within the company, especially after adopting the IT Dashboard which was used as a communication channel for the companys board in making sensible decisions relating to IT investments. By having a formal structure of governance and communication exchange between business side and the information technology side within ING, it has led to clear definition of responsibilities and activities to be known by each employee, as a result it has led to strong cooperation between employees which in turn has had a positive morale on the employees of the company, since everyone knows his/her responsibility and what he/she is accountable for The IT governance has helped th e company to have formal guidelines that aid the company in IT investments, so as to protect the company from unforeseen risks that come with investments, by applying IT governance there was a formal method of assessing stages, people involved, and formalities to follow that an IT investment portfolio has to go through before it is sanctioned, by applying different IT metrics which were used to measure the risks, budgets, value, return on investments and the overall costs, Therefore the decision making process was more thorough compared to before and increased the success ratio on all IT investments within the company. Also the introduction of IT governance simplified decision making process when it comes to IT investments whereby decisions were done in a responsible and careful manner through liaising between the IT managers and business managers and the Board, by knowing whos responsible and accountable it eliminated the bureaucracy within the company and that business critical decisions relating to IT were made much quicker. (627) 8

Social Medi An Emotional And Legal Commitment Of Two People

Marriage is an emotional and legal commitment of two people. However, Social media comes in many forms, such as Facebook, Tinder, Myspace, Match.com, Instagram, and Twitter. Social media is either a website or application that enables users to create and share content in order to participate in social networking. Some individuals find themselves using social media to find people with similar interests in order to find a relationship. Social media has made it easier for people from across the street to across the world to communicate. Social media has created profound effects between partners in marriages that lead to irreconcilable differences and eventually lead to divorce. According to Jim Halfens (2015), â€Å"’People who use social media†¦show more content†¦With more intimacy between individuals, there breeds conflict. Conflict may be a small disagreement and can escalate into dangerous abusive situations. There are various communication styles that may cause te nsion or feeling bored within a relationship. Avoidance is a tendency to avoid issues and inability to express their feelings that oppose their partner’s that may cause a disagreement. Comparing avoidance, partner dominance is when an individual tries to be controlling or the dominant one of the relationship. In the middle of avoidance and dominance lies assertiveness, which is the ability to express one’s feelings and desires to their partner without being overpowering. Physical and emotional conditions are a contributing factors in a relationship. Some people may find themselves in a sexual rut in which they may find themselves with a low sexual desire, a physical dysfunction, or sexual dysfunction. These may include emotions such as anxiety, and anguish. The individual may also experience physical conditions such as arthritis, fatigue, and headaches that make it more difficult for them to perform sexual activities. Psychological causes such as depression and long-term stress also play a factor in sexual relationships. Cultural, religious, and relationship pressures put a strain on each

Cialis Case Free Essays

Cialis I. Problem: In this case, the main issue at hand is to decide an effective marketing strategy for the introduction of new product, Cialis by the joint venture Eli Lilly and ICOS. This strategy will help to recognize a target market and also the future marketing endeavors necessary to have competitive positioning in the market amongst Cialis’s main competitors, Pfizer and Bayer. We will write a custom essay sample on Cialis Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cialis has to choose among the alternatives: beat, niche and compete. II. Alternatives: 1) Follow Beat Strategy by differentiating its product from competitors by emphasizing on its duration i. . 36 hours, targeting men suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED) + Existing customer base + Can convince existing, new users and dropouts that it is a superior product + Customers can wait for right moment + Better onset time and duration + Doesn’t have blue vision side effect that happens in case of Viagra + Can convince Primary Care Physicians (PCP) and urologists of its benefits – Higher sales force needed to compete with Viagra’s effective sales force team of 30000 – Not safe with nitrates Time on Market is 0 compared to Viagra’s 5 years so Viagra has better brand reputation 2) Follow Niche Strategy by targeting Viagra dropouts estimated to be around 6-7 million as compared to Viagra’s current users i. e. 3 million + Can demand high price + The number of Viagra dropouts can grow with the launch and success of Cialis + Easy to focus target market – Low market share in total Erectile Dysfunction (ED) market – Difficult to convince users who have lost faith in similar product i. e. Viagra – Not safe with nitrates 3) Follow Compete Strategy and go head-to-head with Viagra’s positioning + Existing customer base + Alternative means to attract customers such as by convincing partners and people who think it will go away + Better onset time and duration – Not safe with nitrates – Difficult to convince existing users of Viagra – Difficult to convince physicians to prescribe Cialis – Higher sales force needed to compete with Pfizer’s effective sales force team of 30000 III. Recommendation: I suggest that Cialis should adopt the â€Å"beat† marketing strategy focusing on its high duration i. e. 36 hours to make it a differentiated product in the market. On conducting the need and performance analysis of key buying factors, the aforementioned strategy best suits for the product introduction. While there are drawbacks to this decision such as Viagra’s already developed brand reputation and fact that Cialis is not safe with nitrates, I believe that Cialis can successfully overcome these issues through its competitive pricing which can be similar to that of Viagra’s i. . $10 so that target customers can get more benefits (such as choosing the right moment for sexual intercourse) at the same price. Cialis should spend significant amount on initial promotion of its new product through TV advertisement featuring famous personality (actor, politician, sportsmen), radio, social media and word of mouth. It also needs a high sales force (to compete with Pfizer ’s effective sales force team of 30000) who can pitch the product initially in US and Europe where there is strong target market base and later on extend its focus on other countries. How to cite Cialis Case, Essay examples

From Riches to Humility free essay sample

My mother always said to, â€Å"live in the now with the Great Spirit guiding us to the right path.† Even though I do follow this advice, it is nice to think of the past and go â€Å"Wow.† I have grown-up from being a total brat into a better person. The divorce between my parents made me see things in perspective of what was more important in life and what was not. This story is my story. â€Å"Mummy, why are we moving?† I asked my mother as we were in the small travel plane, flying over the deep blue waters of the Atlantic Ocean away from my home in the Caribbean. She responded with, â€Å"We are moving to Weddington, North Carolina for the several reasons which I can not explain right now, but one reason is to get away from the hurricanes that come through the island every year.† In my heart, I knew it was something else, I knew it was the recent fighting between my parents that we were moving away from my father and my home. We will write a custom essay sample on From Riches to Humility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Will we ever come back home?† I asked in desperation, while my older brother was in the back watching the ocean underneath the plane pass by. She replied with a no. It almost broke my heart to know that I would never go back to the home on the zenith of the mountain and to never come back to the deep clear ocean water that surrounded the island of St. Thomas. But the worst blow was the fact that Dad would not be living with us when we move into our new home, he will only visit. This to me at three and a half years old was the beginning of the end to my life, as I knew it. The plane landed and we were on the way to our new home. In the car, I was dreading to see the house, but I was also very excited. It was going to be our new paradise; it was going to be a place where I was going to finally start school, and it was going to be a new life for my mother, my brother and me. As we drove nearer to the house there were more trees and a fewer number of tall buildings. We were in the countryside. This place was like a forest compared to the island. The trees grow to the size of the Empire State building. We were not in the tropics, anymore. The house finally entered through my eyesight and it was huge. The house was made out of rich red bricks, there were six windows in the front god knows how many others were on the house and on the roof were two dormers. The shutters were all dark blue close to black and the front door was the exact same color. I ran towards the house with utter excitement. Back home on the island our house was small compared to this monster of a house. It was a wish come true. My mother ran behind me with a key in her hands and quickly opened the door. My brother ran in front of me and shouted, â€Å"I call for the biggest room.† I ran after him. I wanted the best room in the house. In the end, my brother got the big room while I got the smaller one, but I was happy, for I had the best view. The view was of the front yard that had a few trees and plenty of bushes that were in bloom with beautiful pink and blue flowers. After picking my room, I went to explore the mansion. To the right of my bedroom was the stairwell, my brother’s room and my mother’s room. To the left was a little hallway that lead to the playroom and to another set of stairs. This was a grand house. Downstairs there was a big kitchen with an island and connected to it were two living rooms. After the living rooms was the dinning room. It had a glass chandelier in the middle and when I turned on the light it sparkled like diamonds in the night sky. What incredible riches we have in this world I thought, and I want it all. The next day, we went shopping for furniture, since we could not bring any with us. The surprise was that Dad came from the island to help us out with the buying and choosing of the furniture. I was so happy to see him and I could tell he was happy to see us too. Once we got to the furniture store I wanted to have everything that the store had and more. I almost ran the store dry with all of my wants, and my parents obliged in buying everything that I especially wanted. One of the items that I had to have was a set of furniture that had hand-painted flowers and was made of pine. Time passed and I continued my rampage for more material possessions. The belief was if I got whatever I wanted it meant my mother and father loved me, and if I did not get whatever I wanted then I believed that they did not love me. This to me was a game of love and I always won. The game filled the playroom with more toys than I could handle and too many stuffed animals congesting my room. As I got more stuff the fighting continued. Every time my father came to visit, there was always an argument and my father started to have random violent outbursts towards all of us. No one was safe from the outbursts. I began to notice that the more he drank, the more irritable he was towards us. He would make it up to me by bringing presents over from the island or from his travels with his work as a goldsmith. But this game was about to end when the â€Å"D† word came into the picture. I knew it existed, but I did not think it would happen to us. Divorce. The fighting got to its breaking point. My mother filed for the divorce. My dad did not like it at all, and he stopped giving my mother money for the house and for our survival. To be vengeful he canceled all of our health insurances, credit cards, and with that destroying my mother’s creditability as a consumer. Instead of being a housewife like she always was, she got a job and started to work hard for us to survive in this cruel world. We started to sell everything we had to keep a roof over our heads. I was the last one to do any such thing because I was stubborn and determined to keep my collection, but in the end I realized that this was real. I would rather have a place to eat and sleep than to be homeless. After a few months, we sold the house and bought a much smaller house taking what was little we had left after the many yard sales. In the first few items that I sold, I felt despair coming over me, but after awhile I began to be enlightened. It is not about the giving of gifts obsessively that tell people that you love them; it is the time you spend with the person through the good times and the bad times. My mother in the past years has been doing just that. Instead of giving me things that I wanted, she gave me her love, and in return I have her my love, and the same was for my older brother. Even in the hard times that he put us through I still love my father. For if it were not for him, I would still be that spoiled brat and would never have learned what love really was. Also, I would never known what things I needed to be grateful for, like my health, my family, my friends, my home, the food that I eat, the bed I sleep in, and our wealth. I am in high school and I want the world to know that material possessions are not important in life, and if you are able to afford all these material possessions be humb le and grateful. Everything may disappear into thin air like mine did. This is my story and this is only the beginning.

The supermarket industry Tesco

Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines

Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines Introduction Management is the process where activities are coordinated in a business to meet an organization’s goals and objectives. In the changing world with competition, there is need to adopt policies and strategies that facilitate efficiency and effectiveness in all processes. Total quality management is a management tool which aims at ensuring that all processes in a business contribute positively to the overall conduct of the business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TQM has both hard and soft parts. Soft parts consider the contribution of employees and the relations that they have with their employer. On the other hand, hard policies are more focused on physical assets which are used for production of goods and services (Paley 19). This paper will compare and contrast TQM policies a dopted by Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines. Brief history of the Two Companies Both Toyota and Emirates Airlines are more or less in the same industry; transport industry. Emirates Airline is an international airline company that is spreading to various countries. Currently, it has over 100 destinations. It is the major airline in Middle East and the national airline for Dubai, Unites Arabs emirates. It is a sub-subsidiary of Dubai Investment Company, through The Emirates Group. The company was incorporated in the year 1985 as an international flight company and made the first flight to Dubai-Karachi on 25 October 1985. It was incorporated with the assistance of the government of Dubais royal family but the intervention of the government was limited. Toyota is a multinational company found in Japan and it is the leading automobile car makers and seller in the world. It was incorporated in 1937; its founder is Kiichiro Toyoda. According to fortune global survey 500 of 2008, it was the fifth largest company in the world. The company is structured in a no extra ordinary way and has departments like any other multinationals in the world; however the achievement of the company has made it different in performance a thing that proves that something extra happens. In 2008, it was able to surpass General motor company as the world largest automobile seller in the world. What has made the company go this far? The answer is in the quality of its management and the interaction of brand as well the loyalty that it derives from its customers. The number of employees in the company stands at 320,590 distributed in different parts of the world (Black 20).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hard T.Q.M. Emirate Airlines operate in a fast changing air line industry where there has been an increased competition. One of the most recent is low c ost services. On the other hard, due to globalization, there has been an influx of international airline companies fighting for the same market. In the efforts of ensuring that the company has remained competitive, it has embarked on massive capital investments. By the year 1987, the company had expanded its destinations to reach eleven in total. It is one of the few start ups that recorded a break even at the first year of service. The earlier airline that operated in the area was Gulf airline; the airline was affected by the Gulf war and Emirate airline so enjoyed the benefit of all this. Being in the plane industry, the company has increased its number of planes and the sizes of the planes; those planes that carry passengers have been refurbished and made to look more modern. In the efforts of surviving low cost competition, the company has made large planes which are used to ferry a large portion of people; this helps in enjoying economies of scale and thus the company can opera te as a low cost. The company has embarked on massive research to ensure that it knows the expectations of its customers and align its service to the needs. It is opening up virgin areas with its operations and collaborations with airlines of other nations. Toyota Company has embarked on resource development especially in technology development. The technology has ensured that the company produces goods which are sensitive to the need of modern motor industry. The company produces one of the most efficient automobiles. The vehicles are also comfortable to compete with companies like Mercedes, BMW, and Fords among others. In the various countries, it has embarked on making warehouses and garages which handle their products in a professional manner (Hino 12). Soft TQMs Soft policies consider human resources of a company. It aims at empowering them conduct their business with efficiency and become more productive. Emirates Airlines has been increasing its employee base. It ensures that it trains its employees to make their services better. This is on current trends in business world and the changes that the industry is going through.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the fiscal year that ended on March 2010, the company had employed a total of 36,652 employees all over the continent. The performance of the company has been on a gradual increase; in the year 2009/ 2010, the passengers that used the online were 27.4 million, up from 22.7 million reported in 2008–09, the load cargo in the same period increased by 12.2% to 1,580,000 tons up from 2008–09: 1,408,000 tons. Toyota Company has embarked on international fetching of employees. It employs from all over the world and maintains the team through appropriate appraisal and reward system. Graduates are integrated into the system by a graduate trainee procedure. This is where graduates undergo two year training in Toyota College before they are integrated in the system. When they get into the system, they continue with further on job training and only given targets after the trainers are aware that they can perform effectively. In making decisions, the company engages all staffs. This is where they give their field experiences and recommendations on varying issues (OConnor 44-56). Conclusion Total quality management (TQM) consists of competitive moves and business approaches aimed at producing successful performance; it is management’s â€Å"game plan† for running the business, strengthening a firm’s competitive position, satisfying the customers, the stakeholders, share holders, and the staffs. It seeks to develop the way into which all those that are a party to the business get satisfied. It aims at going a step further and satisfying the customers beyond their expectat ions. There is a lot of focus on the customer; the customer is the greatest asset that an organization can have. To get customers’ loyalty is every business dream and target. Comparing the Toyota and Emirates strategies, it is clear that both of them have adopted a TQM system which is acting to their advantage. They are both enjoying benefits brought about by TQM, which include efficiency in their processes, increased customer satisfaction, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction. Black, Richard. Organizational. Boston: Universal publishers, 2003.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hino, Satoshi. Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth. Tokyo: Productivity Press, 2006. OConnor, Patrick. Total Quality Management (Book). Quality Reliability Engineering International [serial online]. April 1989; 5(2):183. Paley, Norton. The managers guide to competitive marketing strategies. London: CRC Press. 1999

Researh paper exploring overtime among salaried government employees Research

Researh exploring overtime among salaried government employees - Research Paper Example The Fair Labor Standards Act also advocates for bonus pay as part of workers’ salary. Extra payment and compensatory time for employees should be discussed by the employee and employer (Stone, 2005). This paper will look at a case involving a director of agency and employees who are demanding compensatory time, Florida administrative codes that focus on overtime, and how the agency can deal with such issues. Question 1 Compensatory time is an alternate method of paying overtime to employees for time worked over 40 hours for nonexempt workers. As a result, compensatory time should be agreed upon in advance as overtime. Moreover, there is a similarity between Compensatory principles and overtime principles. Compensatory time is only given to nonexempt workers as an alternative to compensation for the work they do overtime. In addition, employees are prohibited from working additional hours so that they can attain compensatory time off for utilization in the future. The directors ’ complaints are invalid. This is because workers of local organizations’ do not enjoy the privilege of compensatory time. Compensatory time should be an agreement between employees and employers (Ulrich, 1996). This will facilitate employers to pay employees their compensation in the form of compensatory time instead of actual payment for overtime. Nevertheless, the agreement between employers and employees before the employees engage in overtime work. Additionally, employees must voluntarily and deliberately accept to be paid in compensatory time instead of actual payment in case of overtime work. The employees must also be aware that the compensatory time is not guaranteed; it may be eliminated, preserved, or employed according to the rules on the same. In addition, employees who request compensatory time are the only ones who are permitted to enjoy the benefits. The compensatory time can only be awarded if the request time is appropriate and does not affect the dep artment’s operations (Stone, 2005). From these instances, it is evident that the directors’ claims are invalid. From the different viewpoints, the agency employees have not met the requirements for receiving compensatory time. We are not informed of a contract between the management and workers on compensatory time as a means of compensation for overtime work. Question 2 The directors of the agency do not have a valid claim on compensatory time. According to The Florida Administrative code section 112.061(6), organizations or agencies should pay the employees according to their regular time rate per hour. The normal working hours for excluded employees, including holidays, weekends, and additional time in which the employee receives payment, and time in official, overtime. Moreover, the Florida Administrative code maintain that workers who occupy excluded employment positions in the senior management service and an individual exempt service, for example, the agency adm inistrators, recognized as excluded career service employees, are supposed to perform their duties in relation the rules of the agency (Ulrich, 1996). In this case, the agency does not incorporate compensatory time as a form of overtime payment. Question 3 The agency should create a labor department to examine and compile employee information on working hours, wages, and additional

Are cell phones really dangerous to people Essay

Are cell phones really dangerous to people - Essay Example Are cell phones really dangerous to people? The control of the advertising of cell phones would be another important measure for preventing the extended exposure of people to the cell phones’ radiation. Cell phones should be regarded, as tools of communication and their use should be limited in cases of emergency. Otherwise, the increase of fatal incidents and diseases because of cell phones would not be controlled. Moreover, the terms under which the access to cell phones has been permitted to teenagers have been reviewed – taking into consideration the fact that people of this age are less likely to pay attention at the risks related to the use of cell phones – as highlighted in relevant academic studies. At this point, the following problem has been identified: children have often access to cell phones with the permission of their parents. This trend is extremely dangerous especially since scientists have set severe restrictions regarding the potential use of cell phones by children – but these restrictions seem to be ignored by most of people worldwide. At this point the following problem appears: are cell phones really dangerous to people? This problem has been explored through a series of relevant studies. It is proved that cell phones can actually harm the health; moreover, it seems that the risks for health can be severe for people of all ages. At the next level, it has been made clear that the ways in which cell phones can affect the health of humans can vary; the direct use of cell phone may be less harmful compared to the residence near a cell phone tower. In the article of Geoffrey, published online by the Independent, reference is made to the research of Dr Vini Khurana who studied the effects of cell phones on health; the above research led to the following findings: ‘the use of handsets for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer’ (Geoffrey par.3). In the above study, emphasis is also given on the fact that certain types of cancer can take quite long to develop – even up to a decade; therefore, the above study – having lasted for such period - provides a precise estimation of the potential effects of cell phones on brain. Another important finding of the study of Khurana has been the following one: cell phones can be more dangerous from smoking (par.1); the above finding indicates the level of risk related to the use of cell phones but also the level at which cell phones intervene in daily activities having led to the development of addiction similar to smoking – as this problem is revealed through the study presented above. The various aspects of the danger of cell phones for human health are analyzed in the article of Kovach, published online by the magazine Life Extension; in the above article reference is made to the findings of the research developed by George Carlo, a medical scientist who has spent years on studying the effects of cell phones – both of handsets and cell phone towers – on health; his research lasted from 1993 up to 1999 and reveals a series of important aspects of the health risks related to the use of cell phones (par.3, 4). The key findings of his study could be summarized as follows: a) cell phones are not tested as for their risks for health; they enter the market without any testing, as a result of a legislative gap of the peri od when these devices appeared – the 1980s (par.5), b) cell phones can cause severe problems of health, even death, since they are involved in the continuous transmission of waves which can adversely affect the bio-field of humans (par.6); it is possible for this reason that cell phones have been also related to the changes in the DNA of their users –

Uses of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas

Uses of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas 2. Literature Review According to data from 2005, about 90% of the EU-27 territory is considered rural (predominantly rural and intermediate regions) where 54% of the population lives (EU, 2008). Hence, that the EU has constantly developed different policies orientated to these particular regions. Large amount of studies have been done over the years about sustainable development in rural areas, originating different socio economics theories, policies and systems, even some of them have been put in practice with more or less success in different countries. This review will therefore highlight some works which have been done with the aim of achieving a development in so difficult areas mainly dependent on agriculture and farming economies. Due to the big number of studies done over the years, it would be very difficult to include all of them in this study. Consequently, this review is mainly focusing the attention to those European, national or regional policies that concern the topic of this thesis. Principally, this chapter will review those works about development of rural areas; farming co-ops as an important tool for this objective; Common Agricultural Policy and its positives and negatives influences; and the use of renewable energies for a sustainable and local development in rural areas. It is not the aim of this review to analyse all the studies done about sustainable development in rural areas, cause it would be out of the scope of this thesis, or at least it would be too wide subject, and it would need its own study. Consequently, the literature has been reduced to those policies about rural development and renewable energy done by public institutions such as European Union, Spanish ministries and regional administrations. Neither is it the objective of this thesis to do a study about community benefits from renewable energies as a whole, therefore the range of studies treated in this chapter are merely those more related with the topic of this work. As there are different areas in which it is necessary to concentrate on, the review will be divided in different sections according to the field under study: farming coops as and their role in the development of rural areas; Common Agricultural Policy; Rural Development Policy; and Renewable energies in rural areas. 2.1. Farming cooperative systems. There is a large amount of studies done over the years showing the important role that the cooperative systems can play in the development of rural areas or even poverty alleviation (de la Jara y Ayala, 1992; Lele, 1981; Là ³pez and Marcuello, 2005; Monasterios, 2009; Morales, 1995; Nevares, 1963; Novkovic, 2008; Simmons and Birchall, 2008). These model of company contributes to the rural development not only theoretically but also from the reality. The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) (2007) defines co-operative as â€Å"autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. They are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the tradition of their founders, co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others†. Là ³pez and Marcuello (2005) not only assume the obvious role that the co-operatives play as an organizational reference, but also, they could not neglect the value of this model as a socio-economic actor. Accoring to their study, joining this two functions co-operatives can be one the pillars of the economy and society, becoming in a fundamental factor of development in rural regions. Simmons and Birchall (2008) used the same reasons exposed to propose the use of cooperative societies by developing countries as an essential tool to achieve a sustainable economic growth and alleviate the poverty. However, not only developing countries are using these models, but also the developed countries do, and try to protect, reinforce and increase the creation of co-operatives. For instance, Spain has put a great effort throughout the years in the growth of the cooperatives, even the article 129.2 of the Spanish Constitution (1978) says that â€Å"the public authorities shall effectively promote the various forms of participation in enterprise and facilitate cooperative enterprises by means of appropriate legislation†. Consequently, Spain count with the law 27/1999 of cooperatives (1999) that foments the creation of this type of organisations as a key to impulse the growth of the economy and employment, highlighting the ethical values that the cooperative principles such as solidarity, democracy, equality and social vocation, have, considering them indispensables to build an enterprise where the members feel identified with. Proof of the investment made in the cooperatives is that they are very well established in different sectors, especially in the agriculture, in which, for instance, in the European Union and North America imply between 30 and 70% of the market (Cropp Ingalsbe, 1989; van Bekkum van Dijk, 1997; Nilsson, 2001). Besides, there are different international organisations that represents this type of societies joining forces in terms of defending their interests out of the local level. Such as the case of COGECA (General Confederation of Agricultural Cooperatives in the European Union) (2009), which it was created in 1959, and nowadays represents about 40,000 farmers cooperatives, employing 660,000 people. COGECA (2009) recognised the importance of the agricultural cooperatives in the rural regions, being the most important development operators and becoming the connexion of the socio-economic in rural regions. COGECA (2009) shows how the figures originated by the agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, such as more than 50% of the share in the supply of agricultural inputs; more than 60% in the collection, processing and marketing of agricultural products; and a global annual turnover of three hundred billion euros; speak by themselves. Going to a more local scale, de la Jara y Ayala (1992) studied the influence of the agricultural cooperatives in the development of the rural region of Extremadura (Spain), taking advantage of his experienced in the area, creating and working with cooperatives since 1975. The study reveals that, in a region affected by the significant emigration of the population to the cities between 1960 and 1981, clearly dependent on the agriculture from the economic and social point of view with a 27,2% of workforce and generating the 20,24% of its GDP by 1987 (while the figures for the whole country were 13,8% and 5,43% respectively); the different policies accomplished by the national or regional authorities, promoted cooperative societies to develop the region and create stable employment. With especial mention to the plan elaborated in 1982, PECOEX (Cooperative Experimental Plan of Extremadura), on the bases of which 98 new cooperatives were created employing more than 1,000 people. All the t rust deposited in this kind of socioeconomic system, made that the 24,71% of the working population in Extremadura was directly linked with farming cooperatives in 1992. Besides, de la Jara y Ayala (1992) made some case studies in populations between 3,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, revealing a significant influence of the farming cooperatives, especially in the smallest villages, as generators of wealth and stable employment. Actually, in the cases studied the workforce dependent on farming coops was between 52 and 83%. And as consequence of the growth of the cooperative societies, the villages have seen the increase of other commercial activities, agricultural industry and standard of living, remarking the role of the agricultural cooperatives as driving force of the development of their communities. However, there is a significant number of studies arguing the efficiency of this kind of organisations. Among others, Katz and Boland (2002); Lele (1981); Là ³pez and Marcuello (2005); Nilsson (2001); Ortmann and King (2007); suggest that cooperatives suffer from technical, scale and allocative infficiency. Basically all these studies have been done analysing mainly the economic point of view, seeing the cooperatives societies as businesses and leaving on the side the social consequences of this kind of organisations in their community. Nevertheless, cooperatives are still competing in different markets prospering and growing. If they were truly uneconomic they would be eliminated of the markets. Nilsson (2001) and Là ³pez and Marcuello (2005), recognised that one of the possible options of the survival of the cooperatives could be the public support that they have. Usually, due to the important social role of the cooperatives, the different governments compensate this organisations with lower taxes and/or interest subsidies, for instance. Là ³pez and Marcuello (2005) analysed the situation of different agricultural cooperatives, trying to identified the link between their economic situation and the subsidies they were getting from the European Union through the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy). The study did not discovered that due to the grants that they received from the CAP the cooperative societies are becoming more inefficient, however, it revealed that these subsidies are allowing some inefficient cooperatives to survive in the market, making them dependent on the European financial support. Consequently with a reduction in the CAP could cause the decease of those inefficient organisations. 2.2. Common Agricultural Policy. CAP. The Treaty of Rome (1957) commence the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of protecting a sector that, by then, employed one third of the population generating the 20% of the GDP (Bureau and Matthew, 2005). The objectives of the CAP set in the Treaty of Rome (1957) were: to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utilisation of the factors of production, in particular labour; to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture; to stabilise markets; to assure the availability of supplies; to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices. Bureau and Matthew (2005) exposed that the main measure implemented to achieve these objectives was through prices intervention, achieving a stabilisation of the prices and a rapid technological evolution. Consequently, the costs decreased and the production increased significantly, reaching some of the goals. However, the actual consequences were that the population in rural areas decreased due to the low income, and the consume grew, but at a lower rate than the production, generating a surplus disposed in domestic and international markets with almost no competition due to the subsided exports. Nevertheless, the CAP remained untouched until its first great reform, the MacSharry reform that was implemented in 1994. This reform tried to reduce the surplus cutting the intervention prices and compensating the farmers with a direct payment independent of the quantity produced. At the same time it introduced some social policies such as early retirement and agri-environmental scheme (European Parliament, 2001; Fennell, 1993). It would be with the necessity of preparation for the incorporation of the new members to the EU, when the CAP was further reformed with the Agenda 2000 (1999), which introduced new price cuts and reinforced a second pillar of the policy to support environmental and social services and the quality of the products creating a Rural Development Regulation for the following six year. However is in the mid-term CAP reform (2002) when appeared the decoupled payments, called Single Farm Payments (SFP), which depend on the commodity not affecting the production. With this reform, the subsidies do not depend on the volume of production and, to get access to them, it is required to follow the EU regulations regarding environment, food safety and quality, and animal welfare. The SFP and the new cuts in intervention prices started in between 2005 and 2007, depending on the country. Other measures of the reform were, first, to fixed the budget of the CAP for the period 2006-2013, so the nominal quantity would be the same, even with the introduction of Romania and Bulgaria by 2007; and second, to strength the second pillar of the CAP, creating a rural development policy which began to be applied in 2005. All the CAP reforms have been worked out with the aim of reducing the direct subsidies to the prices or volume of production. As Bureau and Matthew (2005) exposed that, after 12 years of reforms, the intervention prices had been cut in more than a 45%, so the support is not being linked to the quantity and to increase the income of the farmers, they will need to do it through the marketplace, and not thanks to the subsidies. Besides, 5% of the SFP was transferred to rural development measures. Although, the scope of the SFP were to reduce the incentives for intensification, this achievement is still unknown. And another issue detected is that the decoupling differs across the different states, and actually, they are allowed to keep part of the previous payments, hence that some countries, like France, still make them, because of the fearing of land abandonment. Despite the attempts of the EU of reforming the CAP to solve the problems caused in the international markets and developing countries, and at the same time maintaining the main objectives within the domestic markets, there are different organisations and studies made, claiming for a further reform of the CAP (Bureau et al., 2005; Redclift et al., 1999; FAO, 2009; Rice, 2003; Butault et al., 2006; WTO, 2006; WTO, 2008). Bureau et al. (2005) summarized the different causes for a further reform of the CAP. Among those are economic, because 40% of the EU budget is going to the CAP, however 50% of it is going to only the 7% of the beneficiaries. Besides there is a growing feeling of spending the money on other sectors like research and development or education. Other reasons are environmental, so making a more ecological CAP, it would be possible to decrease the production farming and intensification. On the contrary, the reality of the EU-27 agriculture, reported by the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (2008), is that it represents 6,2% of employment, varying from 1% to 33% in United Kingdom and Romania respectively, while accounting for 1.8% of GDP, differing from 0.4% to 9.5% in the different countries with Luxembourg at the bottom of the list and Romania at the top. It is evident that the importance of this sector is decreasing in EU-27, although there is still a strong and very important agrifood industry. There is a significant number of farmers and agri-cooperatives associations, represented at EU level by COPA-COGECA (2009), that defends the CAP as a measure to ensure food stability and quality; moderate price for consumers and fair earnings for farmers; employment and public services. It is still soon to have clear evidences of the consequences of the last reforms of the CAP, and even more difficult to associate the changes in the agri-food sector exclusively with the modifications of the CAP, cause, as any other sector, it has been affected by the difficult economic situation of the last few years. On the other hand, the consequences cannot be analysed in a European level and it is much clear at a national or even regional level. In this section, several transformation that the Spanish agricultural sector has suffered in the last few years and, predictably, could be linked to the several CAP reforms, are highlighted. The coordinator of farming organisations, COAG, (2003) predicted some of the impacts of the PAC reform done in 2003. Among them, it brought out the possible reduction in the agrarian exploitations incomes and with it the farmers income between 10% and 50% depending on the cultivated crop. It would imply the abandonment of the farming activity estimating the disappearance of about 1.77 million jobs. In terms of the reduction of the cultivated area, the COAG (2003) made an estimation of the area that would not be cultivated depending on the product (2.1) accounting a total area of 1,757,250 ha. More recently, the National Commission of Agriculture, Environment and Fish (2008) showed that the agrarian working population has decreased in an 8% for the previous four years, and at the same time, the agrarian income is about 65% of the average. Also the COAG (2009) has just reported a decrease in the Spanish agrarian income of 26.3% since 2003, the second worst figure for the last 20 years only overtaken by the registered data from 1992, associating the PAC as one of the causes among others. Nevertheless, due to the pressures, the European Commission, Fischer (2009), started to work on the next reforms of the CAP which should come after 2013, recognising the importance of reducing the direct payments dramatically after 2013. But, due to the high value of the sector and the significant number of population dependent on it, or at least living in rural areas, Fischer (2009) also emphasized the importance of reorientating the CAP to its second pillar, rural development. 2.3. Rural Development Policy. The OECD (2009) defined rural local units as those whose population density is less than 150 inhabitants per square kilometre. But also classifying in three different categories: â€Å"Predominantly Rural region† (PR): more than half of the dwellers of the region lives in rural communes. â€Å"Intermediate Region† (IR): between 15% and 50% of the inhabitants live in rural local units. And those regions with an urban centre with more than 200.000 inhabitants representing more than 25% of the population in a â€Å"predominantly rural† region. â€Å"Predominantly Urban region† (PU): the population living in rural local units is below 15%. Or when having an urban centre of more than 500.000 inhabitants, this represents more than a quarter of the total population of an â€Å"intermediate† region. According to the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Union (2008), about 90% of the EU-27 territory is considered rural (predominantly rural and intermediate regions) where 54% of the population lives. However, rural areas are not only important because of their extension, but also because they offer 53% of the workforce and 42% of the GVA in EU-27 (83% and 74% respectively for the new members). In those terms, the primary sector in the EU-27 provide 6.2% of employment (varying from 1% to 33% in UK and Romania) and 1.8% of GDP (from 0.4% in Luxembourg to 9.5% in Romania). Nevertheless, the socioeconomic indicators of these regions are much lower than those in non-rural areas as it can be observed in the figures of appendix A. Due to the consecutive reforms of the CAP, as it was explained in previous sections, the agriculture was going to suffer significant changes, specially in those situations where it has been clearly dependent on the European subsidies. Being the agriculture the main source of employment and economic development in rural areas, the problems affecting the sector could have repercussions on the entire rural society. In an attempt to compensate the lack of funding on the agriculture, the EU developed a program to support the rural areas. Agenda 2000 (1999) constituted rural development policy as the second pillar of the CAP creating a unique regulation for the whole EU between 2000 and 2006. Although, it would be in the Mid Term Reform of the CAP (2002) where it was decided to completely reinforce the rural development policy transferring funds from the first to the second pillar of the CAP. The Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (2005) originated the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), allowing to regulate the rural development policy through one fund, one management and control system. This regulation along with the Council Decision 2006/144/EC (2006) defined the priorities and measures for rural development as well as the objectives and the strategic to follow for the period 2007-2013. The objectives of the new rural development policy are: improving the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry by supporting restructuring, development and innovation; improving the environment and the countryside by supporting land management; improving the quality of life in rural areas and encouraging diversification of economic activity. To achieve these objectives, the Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (2005) and the Council Decision 2006/144/EC (2006) specified different key actions acting in diverse fields. Those strategies and plans were divided in four axes according to the objective they are aiming to cover: * Axis 1: â€Å"Improving the competitiveness of the agricultural and forestry sector† The agriculture is losing importance as the main activity in the rural areas. However, the value of the agrifood sector in the rural economy and its role as food and services supplier, it is fundamental to preserve it. The growth of the market due to the enlargement of the EU is also increasing the competitiveness. Hence that factors such as efficiency and innovation are keys for the survival and development of the sector. Increasing competitiveness means reduction of costs production, improvement of food quality, value-added products, less pollutant and more environmentally friendly production technology, for instance. * Axis 2: â€Å"Improving the environment and the countryside† Involve all those measures orientated to preserve the EUs landscapes and natural resources guaranteeing a sustainable use of the land. These actions included in the axis 2 should contribute to the fight against climate change, improvement of water quality and biodiversity. * Axis 3: â€Å"The quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy† The aim of this axis is to help to create new employment possibilities with the diversification of the activities to those non-agriculture related. All those measures associated to improve the access to infrastructure, better environment and basic services, are also included in this axis. * Axis 4: â€Å"Leader†. The leader axis is a continuation of previous programmes implemented by the EU. Basically it contributes to the achievement of the priorities gathered in the axis 1, 2 and 3, by supporting the execution of local development strategies. This axis is created to reinforce the rural development in the long term encouraging actions leaded by local actors. These actions could ascent environmental consciousness, and invest in renewable resources and energy. The Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (2005) also established that each member state should create its own strategy plan and programme according to its situation and characteristics. Consequently, the Spanish Ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food (2007a) (2007b), recently renamed Ministry of the environment, rural and marine affairs (2008), did its job and created the correspondent documents in terms of establishing the new European policy. Besides, the law 45/2007 (2007) approved by the Spanish parliament, establishes and regulates the diverse measures to support the sustainable development in rural areas. The law takes as a reference the European policy adapting it to its particular social, financial and environmental situation. As the Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (2005), the Spanish law include measures to improve the diversification of the economy, the quality of life and to protect and recover the natural and cultural resources of the rural environment. 2.4. Renewable energies in rural areas. In terms of establishing a plan to comply the Kioto protocol and create new commitments after 2012 for the reductions of carbon emissions, the European Union (2009) fixed an objective of 20% of the overall energy generation from renewable sources by 2020. The European Union also highlighted the importance of the development of renewable energies to guarantee the energy supply in the Community; to create new employment opportunities; and to produce a regional development, especially in rural areas. At the same time, the European Union (2009) emphasized the value of boosting investment at regional and local levels to promote the renewable energy installations and with it also promote the creation of employment; regional and local development; and social cohesion. In the case of Spain, in its renewable energy plan (2005) acknowledged the importance of investing in those areas where the resources are located according to achieve its renewable energy targets. It assumed that those resources are mainly in rural areas, creating a socio-economic benefit increasing the employment and stimulating the economic development in these specific areas which are suffering from depopulation, contributing to develop sustainably the rural areas. The Spanish renewable energy plan (2005) also expressed the necessity of promoting the renewable energy development taking into account other European policies, especially the common agricultural policy and rural development. Congruently, the Spanish Royal Decree 1578/2008 (2008) recognised the advantages that photovoltaic installations integrated in the buildings may offered as distributed generation and social diffusion of renewable energies, extending this advantages to the farming installations being consistent with the Law 45/2007 of rural development mentioned in previous sections. 2.5. Defining the gap. As it has been described, the CAP has generated positive and negative consequences in external as well as internal markets for years. Hence that the European Union has been trying to correct the problems with consecutive reforms. It seems to be evident that the CAP needs a deep reform in terms to avoid the disruption that it has generated in the international agri-food markets, especially to developing countries. However, the reforms of the CAP have also favoured an intensification in the production and with it to the larger producers whereas the small farming co-ops, family farms or any other small producers have it difficult to survive without any external support. It looks as though there is the challenge of the CAP reform, to adapt the agri-food industry to the world trade liberalisation and at the same time avoid the environmental impact of the intensive agriculture, not forgetting the preservation of the quality of the products. On the contrary, it is the situation of the farmers. Nowadays they have the conflict whether becoming a specialised producer to compete in the market or assuming a function of environmental manager. Nevertheless, it has to be taken into account that about 90% of the European territory is considered rural areas where more than half of the population lives and the agriculture is the base of the socio-economy. Agriculture employs directly more then 12 million people (DG AGRI, 2008). However, it has already been shown in previous sections, how agri-food cooperatives may develop their surrounding community making much more citizens indirectly dependent on the agriculture. According to the last CAP reforms, it seems that the European Union is trying to diversify the economy in rural areas boosting the second pillar of the CAP, rural development, consequently the population it would not be so dependent on agri-food markets. One of the measures to achieve this, it is through renewable energies. Bearing in mind that rural areas are about 90% of the territory and it is there where the resources are located, it seems to be logic the investment in renewable energies, especially if the European Union is aiming to achieve its targets in this field. It is at this point where the agri-food coops and family farms could have a chance, not only of maintaining the production, but also of increasing the incomes that it would allow them to pay attention to the quality of their products. Although it could even create and independence of the agriculture from the subsidies of the CAP. If the farmers use part of their fields, or even the roofs and facades of theirs agri-food industry facilities, to generate electricity thanks to renewable sources, and then, they could sell it to the national grid, it would give them that extra income completely independent on the European Union. It is the scope of this study to analyse the options that small farms could have to substitute the CAP subsidies for the profit they could get becoming also electricity generators using renewable energy systems. In the case it would be possible for the farmers to become independent of the CAP, it would allow to the European Union to invest that 40% of the budget that it is spending in the agriculture in other fields such as education or research and development. And consequently that investment would also go, directly or indirectly, to the rural areas and agriculture. Because if it is possible to maintain the agri-food coop system in rural areas, it would be also possible to maintain the community benefits that this kind of organisations generate. This measures would follow the objectives of the CAP reforms, allowing the EU to reduce its budget in agriculture, but at the same time improving the standard of living in rural areas. In addition, it would also do its bit according to the rural development policy. This measure would fulfil the four axis of this policy maintaining the agri-food sector, diversifying the economy and combating climate change. 3. A European rural region: Extremadura. 3.1. Introduction. As it was commented in the previous section, the use of renewable energy could be an option for the rural areas to achieve its development. All the policies that are being recently formulated at European as well as national level, focused on the promotion of renewable energy and looking for a development in the most unfavourable areas, could be joined together, or at least some of its main points for the improvement of the standard of living in rural areas. In terms of studying the possibility of substitution of the CAP subsidises for the income a farmer can get with a renewable energy installation, more concretely with photovoltaic, it is necessary to find an European rural region. The rural region of Extremadura (Spain) has been selected for its rurality, highly dependency on the agriculture compare to the Spanish and European average and its high potential for photovoltaic systems installation. In the following points this region and its characteristics will be presented analysing its rural condition; the agrarian sector and the consequences of the last CAP reforms; and its photovoltaic potential. 3.2. Rural Development. Extremadura is one of the 17 regions of Spain. It is located in the mid west, bounded on the west by Portugal (figure 3.1.). With a total population of 1,102,410 inhabitants, Extremadura is divided in two provinces, Badajoz (half south) and Cà ¡ceres (half north), and it is defined as a predominantly rural region according to the OECD criteria. Actually, Extremadura accounts with 41,634 km2, entailing a population density of only 26 inhabitants/km2 (INE, 2009). Another peculiarity of this region is its economic structure. The primary sector plays a significant role in the GDP and employm

Hey There Delilah Chord

INTRO D, F#m, D, F#m VERSE 1 D F#m Hey there Delilah, What’s it like in New York City? D F#m I’m a thousand miles away, But girl tonight you look so pretty, Bm G A Bm Yes you do, Time Square can’t shine as bright as you, A I swear it’s true. D F#m Hey there Delilah, Don’t you worry about the distance, D F#m I’m right there if you get lonely, Give this song another listen, Bm G A Bm Close your eyes, Listen to my voice it’s my disguise, A I’m by your side. CHORUS D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, D What you do to me. VERSE 2 D F#m Hey there Delilah, I know times are getting hard, D F#m But just believe me girl some day, I'll pay the bills with this guitar, Bm G A Bm We'll have it good, We'll have the life we knew we would, A My word is good. D F#m Hey there Delilah, I’ve got so much left to say, D F#m If every simple song I wrote to you, Would take your breath away, Bm G A Bm I’d write it all, Even more in love with me you’d fall, A We’d have it all. CHORUS D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, Bridge G A A thousand miles seems pretty far, But they’ve got planes and trains and cars, D Bm I’d walk to you if I had no other way G A Our friends would all make fun of us, And we'll just laugh along because, D Bm We know that none of them have felt this way, G A Delilah I can promise you, That by the time that we get through, Bm A The world will never ever be the same, And you’re to blame. VERSE 3 D F#m Hey there Delilah you be good, And don’t you miss me, D F#m Two more years and you’ll be done with school, And I'll be making history, Bm G A Bm Like I do, You’ll know it's all because of you, G A Bm We can do whatever we want to, G A Bm A Hey there Delilah here's to you, This one’s for you. FINAL CHORUS D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, D Bm D Bm Oh it’s what you do to me, Oh it’s what you do to me, D What you do to me. Bm D Bm D Bm D Bm D D Ohhh

Atlantic Charter and Its Affect in Wwii Essay

The Atlantic Charter was an incredibly important policy that would have an impact on the entire world from the moment it was drafted by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August of 1941 to the present day and beyond. The two men met in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, hence the name Atlantic Charter, during World War 2. While it is called the Atlantic Charter, it was technically a joint declaration by the two world leaders and as such not a formal legal document. A few months later the Charter would be agreed upon by all the Allied Nations. It was important both for the specifics included in the document as well as the symbolism of Roosevelt producing the Charter with Churchill. It was more of a set of goals than a specific blueprint and it contained 8 key principles: 1. Renunciation of territorial aggression 2. Opposition to territorial changes without consent of the peoples concerned 3. Support for the right of people to choose their own government 4. Access to raw materials for all nations 5. Support of efforts to improve the economic condition of people throughout the world 6. Freedom from fear and want 7. Freedom of the seas 8. Disarmament of aggressors The Atlantic Charter was completely opposite the actions of the Axis Powers, who were expanding their territory and conquering territory all across the world. The principles set out in the Atlantic Charter would provide a basis for international cooperation and international law. It would also provide a foundation for important economic agreements throughout the world that were strong enough to withstand times when countries might oppose each other on one matter but still need to trade. It would also help in creating boundaries and dealing with the aftermath of the war. From the start of the war in Europe, the United States had maintained a neutral stance. While Franklin D. Roosevelt himself was openly sympathic to the Allies, the American public was opposed to getting involved in a war in Europe. In order to support the Allies without violating neutrality Roosevelt redefined the actual neutrality act in the United States. Roosevelt sympathized in particular with Britain, who was having an increasingly difficult time dealing with the Germans. A few months before the Atlantic Charter was written, Roosevelt had gotten an important piece of legislation through congress that allowed the United States to give material support to Britain without charging them for it, called the Lend-Lease Act. This had greatly pleased Winston Churchill, the co-author of the Atlantic Charter, because while he appreciated the support of the US, he needed help in the war. The Atlantic Charter provided the philosophical foundation for the Allies in World War 2 and a blueprint for the post-war world. The principles outlined in the Atlantic Charter are still important in the interactions of nations to this day.

Should I Earn an Operations Management Degree

Operations management is a multidisciplinary area of business that is concerned with planning, controlling and supervising day-to-day production and operations of a business.  Operations management  is a popular business major. Getting a degree in this area makes you a versatile professional who can work in a wide range of positions and industries.   Types of Operations Management Degrees A degree is almost always required to work in operations management. A bachelors degree may be considered acceptable for some positions, but a masters degree is a much more common requirement. Individuals who would like to work in research or education sometimes earn a doctorate in operation management. An associates degree, coupled with on-the-job training, may be enough for some entry-level positions. Some of the things you might study in an operations management program include leadership, management techniques, staffing, accounting, finance, marketing, and project management. Some operations management degree programs may also include courses in information technology, business law, business ethics, project management, supply chain management, and related topics. There are three basic types of operations management degrees that can be earned from a college, university, or business school: Bachelors Degree in Operations Management - A bachelors degree program in operations management take approximately four years to complete. Part-time students will need more time and students in an accelerated program can usually earn their degree in only three years. You can expect to complete a core set of general education courses in addition to courses focused on operations management.Master Degrees in Operations Management - A masters degree in operations management will not include general education courses, but will instead be comprised of core courses focused specifically on operations management topics. Some programs may provide the opportunity to choose electives and customize the curriculum to match your career goals. Most master programs take two years to complete, but one-year MBA programs can be found at some business schools.Doctorate Degree in Operations Management - A doctorate degree program in operations management requires research and rigorous study. Doctorate pro grams in business usually take three to five years to complete, though program length can vary depending on the school as well as your previously earned degrees. What Can I Do with an Operations Management Degree? Most people who earn an operations management degree go on to work as operations managers. Operations managers are top executives. They are sometimes known as general managers. The term operations management encompasses many different responsibilities and may include overseeing products, people, processes, services, and supply chains. The duties of an operations manager are often dependent on the size of the organization they work for, but every operations manager is responsible for overseeing daily operations. Operations managers can work in almost any industry. They can work for private companies, public companies, non-profits, or the government. The majority of operations managers focus on the management of corporations and enterprises. However, a large number are also employed through local government. After earning an operations management degree, graduates could also assume other management positions. They may be able to work as human resources managers, project managers, sales manager, advertising managers, or in other management positions. Learn More About Operations Management Learning more about the field of operations management before enrolling in a degree program is a really good idea. By searching out various resources, including people who currently work in the field, you can learn what it is really like to study operations management and follow this career path. Two resources that you may find especially helpful include: APICS - The Association for Operations Management website offers specialized training, internationally recognized certifications, management resources, and networking opportunities for industry professionals.Operations Management Center - The Operations Management Center from McGraw-Hill Companies offers thousands of resources for operations management students, faculty, and professionals. You can find online publications, a video library, news feeds, announcements, operations management software, internet tools, and employment info.