Quantitative data analysis

The systematic study of quantitative properties, phenomena and their relationship is known as quantitative research (Morgan, 1998, pp. 362). Quantitative methods collect information concerned with numbers and things that are measurable.The main objective of quantitative methods is to establish and utilize mathematical theories and models together with hypotheses concerned with the phenomena.Measurements are very significant in quantitative methods since it establishes the link between mathematical expressions and empirical observation of quantitative relationships, therefore, tables, graphs and statistics are mostly used in presentation of the study results. Quantitative methods usually employ statistical methods which comprises of data collection on the basis of hypothesis whereby a big sample is involved on contrary to qualitative methods. This calls for validation, verification and data recording before analysis begins.The data is analysed through software packages such as SPSS. A controversy exists between quantitative and qualitative methods whereby quantitative method is seen as the only method that can cause social sciences be truly scientific while qualitative methods advocates argue that quantitative methods ignore non measurable aspects of the society which are very significant hence they obscure reality of social phenomena (Morgan, 2008, pp. 368).Qualitative research designsSocial sciences and market research usually employ qualitative research method whereby the method aims at investigating a deeper understanding of human behaviours and the reasons behind such behaviours. Qualitative research method is concerned with how and why in making decisions rather than what, when and where, therefore, it mostly prefers smaller samples as compared to large samples in quantitative methods (Morgan, 1998, pp. 370).Information given by qualitative methods is based on specific study cases whereby it considers only hypothesis in formulating conclusions which are mo re general, thus qualitative methods are useful in generating hypothesis and providing explanations to puzzling results from quantitative studies.However, in order to verify the true hypotheses quantitative methods are used. There are possibilities of a researcher in qualitative methods to have problems in taking a transcendental or neutral position thus selection of cases should be purposeful and the researcher’s position or role should be given more critical attention. Qualitative data analysis focuses on transparent and systematic approaches whereby consistent and reliable methods in data coding, discernment and documentation of themes are essential requirements of the researcher.Mixed perspectivesThis is the attempt of combining both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, approaches, language, concepts and methods (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 17). Researchers are therefore not restricted to one research method hence they have the flexibility to access mult iple approaches to provide answers to research questions (Johnson & Onwuegbuze, 2004, pp. 15). For instance, in order to understand the meaning of measurements given by quantitative methods, qualitative methods can be employed.Moreover, quantitative methods are useful in providing testable and precise expression to qualitative results. Mixed method type and mixed model type are the major types of mixed research methods. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods approaches across and within the research process stages is known as mixed model while the involvement of a quantitative phase in the entire research process as distinct from a qualitative phase is known as mixed method (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 23).

Life and Work of John Bowlby

Bowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. He was the fourth of six children and was brought up by a nanny in the British fashion of his class at that time. His father, Sir Anthony Bowlby, first Baronet, was surgeon to the King's Household, with a tragic history: at age five, Sir Anthony's own father (John's grandfather) was killed while serving as a war correspondent in the Opium Wars. Normally, Bowlby saw his mother only one hour a day after teatime, though during the summer she was more available. Like many other mothers of her social class, she considered that parental attention and affection would lead to dangerous spoiling of the children. Bowlby was lucky in that the nanny in his family was present throughout his childhood. [1] When Bowlby was almost four years old, his beloved nanny, who was actually his primary caretaker in his early years, left the family. Later, he was to describe this as tragic as the loss of a mother. At the age of seven, he was sent off to boarding school, as was common for boys of his social status. In his work Separation: Anxiety and Anger, he revealed that he regarded it as a terrible time for him. He later said, â€Å"I wouldn't send a dog away to boarding school at age seven†. [2] Because of such experiences as a child, he displayed a sensitivity to children’s suffering throughout his life. However, with his characteristic attentiveness to the effects of age differences, Bowlby did consider boarding schools appropriate for children aged eight and older, and wrote, â€Å"If the child is maladjusted, it may be useful for him to be away for part of the year from the tensions which produced his difficulties, and if the home is bad in other ways the same is true. The boarding school has the advantage of preserving the child's all-important home ties, even if in slightly attenuated form, and, since it forms part of the ordinary social pattern of most Western communities today [1951], the child who goes to boarding-school will not feel different from other children. Moreover, by relieving the parents of the children for part of the year, it will be possible for some of them to develop more favorable attitudes toward their children during the remainder. [3] He married Ursula Longstaff, herself the daughter of a surgeon, on April 16, 1938, and they had four children, including (Sir) Richard Bowlby, who succeeded his uncle as third Baronet. Bowlby died at his summer home on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Career Bowlby studied psychology and pre-clinical sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, winning prizes for outstanding intellectual performance. After Cambridge, he worked with maladjusted and delinquent children, then at the age of twenty-two enrolled at University College Hospital in London. At the age of twenty-six, he qualified in medicine. While still in medical school he enrolled himself in the Institute for Psychoanalysis. Following medical school, he trained in adult psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital. In 1937, aged 30, he qualified as a psychoanalyst. During World War II, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps. After the war, he was Deputy Director of the Tavistock Clinic, and from 1950, Mental Health Consultant to the World Health Organization. Because of his previous work with maladapted and delinquent children, he became interested in the development of children and began work at the Child Guidance Clinic in London. This interest was probably increased by a variety of wartime events involving separation of young children from familiar people; these included the rescue of Jewish children by the Kindertransport arrangements, the evacuation of children from London to keep them safe from air raids, and the use of group nurseries to allow mothers of young children to contribute to the war effort. [4] Bowlby was interested from the beginning of his career in the problem of separation and the wartime work of Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham on evacuees and Rene Spitz on orphans. By the late 1950s he had accumulated a body of observational and theoretical work to indicate the fundamental importance for human development of attachment from birth. [2] Bowlby was interested in finding out the actual patterns of family interaction involved in both healthy and pathological development. He focused on how attachment difficulties were transmitted from one generation to the next. In his development of attachment theory he propounded the idea that attachment behaviour was essentially an evolutionary survival strategy for protecting the infant from predators. Mary Ainsworth, a student of Bowlby’s, further extended and tested his ideas, and in fact played the primary role in suggesting that several attachment styles existed. The three most important experiences for Bowlby’s future work and the development of attachment theory were his work with: Maladapted and delinquent children. James Robertson (in 1952) in making the documentary film A Two-Year Old Goes to the Hospital, which was one of the films about †young children in brief separationâ€Å". The documentary illustrated the impact of loss and suffering experienced by young children separated from their primary caretakers. This film was instrumental in a campaign to alter hospital restrictions on visiting by parents. In 1952 when he and Robertson presented their film A Two Year Old Goes to Hospital to the British Psychoanalytical Society, psychoanalysts did not accept that a child would mourn or experience grief on separation but instead saw the child's distress as caused by elements of unconscious fantasies (in the film because the mother was pregnant). Melanie Klein during his psychoanalytic training. She was his supervisor; however they had different views about the role of the mother in the treatment of a three-year-old boy. Specifically and importantly, Klein stressed the role of the child's fantasies about his mother, but Bowlby emphasized the actual history of the relationship. Bowlby's views—that children were responding to real life events and not unconscious fantasies—were rejected by psychoanalysts, and Bowlby was effectively ostracized by the psychoanalytic community. He later expressed the view that his interest in real-life experiences and situations was â€Å"alien to the Kleinian outlook†. [2] Maternal deprivation Main article: Maternal deprivation In 1949, Bowlby's earlier work on delinquent and affectionless children and the effects of hospitalised and institutionalised care lead to his being commissioned to write the World Health Organization's report on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe. [5] The result was Maternal Care and Mental Health published in 1951. [6] Bowlby drew together such limited empirical evidence as existed at the time from across Europe and the USA. His main conclusions, that â€Å"the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment† and that not to do so may have significant and irreversible mental health consequences, were both controversial and influential. The 1951 WHO publication was highly influential in causing widespread changes in the practices and prevalence of institutional care for infants and children, and in changing practices relating to the visiting of infants and small children n hospitals by parents. The theoretical basis was controversial in many ways. He broke with psychoanalytic theories which saw infants' internal life as being determined by fantasy rather than real life events. Some critics profoundly disagreed with the necessity for maternal (or equivalent) love in order to function normally,[7] or that the formation of an ongoing relationship with a child was an important part of parenting. [8] Others questioned the extent to which his hypothesis was supported by the evidence. There was criticism of the confusion of the effects of privation (no primary attachment figure) and deprivation (loss of the primary attachment figure) and in particular, a failure to distinguish between the effects of the lack of a primary attachment figure and the other forms of deprivation and understimulation that may affect children in institutions. [9] The monograph was also used for political purposes to claim any separation from the mother was deleterious in order to discourage women from working and leaving their children in daycare by governments concerned about maximising employment for returned and returning servicemen. 9] In 1962 WHO published Deprivation of maternal care: A Reassessment of its Effects to which Mary Ainsworth, Bowlby's close colleague, contributed with his approval, to present the recent research and developments and to address misapprehensions. [10] This publication also attempted to address the previous lack of evidence on the effects of paternal deprivation. According to Rutter the importance of Bowlby's initial writings on ‘maternal deprivation' lay in his emphasis that children's experiences of interpersonal relationships were crucial to their psychological development. 8] Development of attachment theory Bowlby himself explained in his 1988 work â€Å"A Secure Base† that the data were not, at the time of the publication of Maternal Care and Mental Health, â€Å"accommodated by any theory then current and in the brief time of my employment by the World Health Organization there was no possibility of developing a new one†. He then went on to describe the subsequent development of attachment theory. 11] Because he was dissatisfied with traditional theories, Bowlby sought new understanding from such fields as evolutionary biology, ethology, developmental psychology, cognitive science and control systems theory and drew upon them to formulate the innovative proposition that the mechanisms underlying an infants tie emerged as a result of evolutionary pressure. [12] â€Å"Bowlby realised that he had to develop a new theory of motivation and behaviour control, built on up-to-date science rather than the outdated psychic energy model espoused by Freud. [5] Bowlby expressed himself as having made good the â€Å"deficiencies of the data and the lack of theory to link alleged cause and effect† in Maternal Care and Mental Health in his later work Attachment and Loss published in 1969. [13] Ethology and evolutionary concepts â€Å"From the 1950s Bowlby was in personal and scientific contact with leading European scientists in the field of ethology, namely Niko Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and especially the rising star of ethology Robert Hinde. Using the viewpoints of this emerging science and reading extensively in the ethology literature, Bowlby developed new explanatory hypotheses for what is now known as human attachment behaviour. In particular, on the basis of ethological evidence he was able to reject the dominant Cupboard Love theory of attachment prevailing in psychoanalysis and learning theory of the 1940s and 1950s. He also introduced the concepts of environmentally stable or labile human behaviour allowing for the revolutionary combination of the idea of a species-specific genetic bias to become attached and the concept of individual differences in attachment security as environmentally labile strategies for adaptation to a specific childrearing niche. Alternately, Bowlby’s thinking about the nature and function of the caregiver-child relationship influenced ethological research, and inspired students of animal behaviour such as Tinbergen, Hinde, and Harry Harlow. Bowlby spurred Hinde to start his ground breaking work on attachment and separation in primates (monkeys and humans), and in general emphasized the importance of evolutionary thinking about human development that foreshadowed the new interdisciplinary approach of evolutionary psychology. Obviously, the encounter of ethology and attachment theory led to a genuine cross-fertilization† (Van der Horst, Van der Veer & Van IJzendoorn, 2007, p. 321). [14][15] The â€Å"Attachment and Loss† trilogy Main articles: Attachment theory and Attachment in children Before the publication of the trilogy in 1969, 1972 and 1980, the main tenets of attachment theory, building on concepts from ethology and developmental psychology, were presented to the British Psychoanalytical Society in London in three now classic papers: The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother (1958), Separation Anxiety (1959), and Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood (1960). Bowlby rejected psychoanalyst explanations for attachment, and in return, psychoanalysts rejected his theory. At about the same time, Bowlby's former colleague, Mary Ainsworth was completing extensive observational studies on the nature of infant attachments in Uganda with Bowlby's ethological theories in mind. Her results in this and other studies contributed greatly to the subsequent evidence base of attachment theory as presented in 1969 in Attachment the first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy. [16] The second and third volumes, Separation: Anxiety and Anger and Loss: Sadness and Depression followed in 1972 and 1980 respectively. Attachment was revised in 1982 to incorporate recent research. According to attachment theory, attachment in infants is primarily a process of proximity seeking to an identified attachment figure in situations of perceived distress or alarm for the purpose of survival. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about 6 months to two years of age. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment which in turn lead to ‘internal working models' which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. [5] In Bowlby's approach, the human infant is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur. As the toddler grows, it uses its attachment figure or figures as a â€Å"secure base† from which to explore. Mary Ainsworth used this feature plus â€Å"stranger wariness† and reunion behaviours, other features of attachment behaviour, to develop a research tool called the â€Å"Strange Situation Procedure† for developing and classifying different attachment styles. The attachment process is not gender specific as infants will form attachments to any consistent caregiver who is sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant. The quality of the social engagement appears to be more influential than amount of time spent. 16] Darwin biography Bowlby's last work, published posthumously, is a biography of Charles Darwin, which discusses Darwin's â€Å"mysterious illness† and whether it was psychosomatic. [17] Bowlby's legacy Main article: Attachment theory Although not without its critics, attachment theory has been described as the dominant approach to understanding early social development and to have given rise to a great surge of empirical research into the formation of children's close relationships. 18] As it is presently formulated and used for research purposes, Bowlby's attachment theory stresses the following important tenets:[19] 1) Children between 6 and about 30 months are very likely to form emotional attachments to familiar caregivers, especially if the adults are sensitive and responsive to child communications. 2) The emotional attachments of young children are shown behaviourally in their preferences for particular familiar people, their tendency to seek proximity to those people, especially in times of distress, and their ability to use the familiar adults as a secure base from which to explore the environment. ) The formation of emotional attachments contributes to the foundation of later emotional and personality development, and the type of behaviour toward familiar adults shown by toddlers has some continuity with the social behaviours they will show later in life. 4) Events that interfere with attachment, such as abrupt separation of the toddler from familiar people or the significant inability of carers to be sensitive, responsive or consistent in their interactions, have short-term and possible long-term negative impacts on the child's emotional and cognitive life.

Speech Disfluencies in Individuals with Tourette Syndrome Assignment - 1

Speech Disfluencies in Individuals with Tourette Syndrome - Assignment Example The authors concluded that, despite there being no difference in self-reporting, the children with Tourette's syndrome did have a higher level of developmental stuttering, and that this is in line with previous studies. The introduction section of the article provides a basic overview of Tourette's syndrome, which the authors abbreviate as TS. This section of the paper does a good job of setting the current study within the wider conversation around Tourette's syndrome, arguing that "TS and developmental stuttering seem to share a number of other characteristics," suggesting that they share "etiological factors" in their origin (97). The authors also point out that studies on this topic are not widespread, with most studies focusing on other aspects of Tourette's syndrome, and that those which do focus on speech disfluencies often have flaws such as "variations in the definition of studying" or a lack of evaluation by speech-language pathologists (98). It is this lack of direct study on speech disfluency that the authors hope to address. For their study, the authors recruited children with Tourette's syndrome from a clinic at a Toronto hospital which specializes in treating it (98). Specifically, the study focused on 69 children with Tourette's syndrome, ranging in age from 4 to 18 years, and with varying degrees of Tourette's syndrome and other disorders such as Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (98). Beyond these children, the authors recruited a control group of 27 children ranging in age from 6 to 17 years from the general clinic at the same hospital (98). In order to achieve sensible results, the authors also split the children into age groups. The study itself had two parts. The first of these was filling out a questionnaire for the child to answer questions on "self-reported presence, nature, and familial incidence of speech and language difficulties" such as stuttering, voice problems, and so on (98).

The European sovereign debt crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The European sovereign debt crisis - Assignment Example Consequently, the euro debt crisis is crucial as one intends to study its spillover effects. This is because the crisis was characterized by decisions and events at a political level (Acharya and Steffen, 2012, p. 12). In this case, the Euro debt crisis will be viewed as a financial phenomenon that affected the European region. Historical events associated with the Euro sovereign debt crisis will investigate the negative watches and downgrades on European governments, financial markets, stock, and bond markets. The Euro sovereign debt crisis reached its peak in March 2012 after Greece conducted the largest sovereign debt restructuring. Countries such as Spain, Ireland, Italy and Portugal were also facing serious financial crisis. It is essential to note that all member states of the European Monetary Union provided loan guarantees. As a result, the creditworthiness of the region was at stake (Ahearne, Griever and Warnock, 2004, p. 316). The effect of this event was that all member st ates of the Euro, even states that had sound public finances, were subjected to downgrades or placed on negative watches by global rating agencies. Some of the countries lost their investment grade statuses. This is an alarming signal for international investors. Before, the first country was downgraded, speculation against the EURO was attracted and the stock markets turned down. As a result, some countries began losing their access to capital markets. European Union politicians devised a plan to accuse credit rating agencies, which worsened the crisis (Andrade and Chhaochharia, 2010, p. 2431). Changes in funding conditions used by banks are important in the assessment of financial intermediaries. These intermediaries supply credit to the economy. Since 2009, the remuneration on deposits in core European Union countries remained unchanged. However, there were large dispersions compared to the period prior to the crisis. The costs of the deposits increased significantly in several p eripheral countries (Angeloni and Wolff, 2012, p. 19). This reflected the difficulties that banks were experiencing as they tried to obtain funds through market sources. In 2012, these rates decreased owing to the improvements in market confidence that triggered the cut in ECD interest rates. Funding difficulties experienced by peripheral countries adversely affected the financial conditions, non-financial corporations and households. For instance, the charge of short-term loans to a non-financial corporation augmented unexpectedly in peripheral countries, in 2011. In countries such as Portugal and Greece, the interest rates neared the levels of 2008 (Arezki, Candelon and Sy, 2011, p. 9). Reactions of the European Money Markets The sovereign debt crisis sent ripples all over the international banking systems. This prompted interventions by central banks and governments on a scale that is comparable to the programs instituted during the 2008 financial crisis. European authorities ple dged financial support to the tune of 1 trillion EURO. This support was meant for the recapitalization of the challenged Euro area countries (Arteta and Hale, 2008, p. 59). The European Central Bank injected an exceptional amount of liquidity in order to mitigate the effects of the banking system balance sheet disclosure especially the deteriorating sovereign debt. European banks hold huge amounts of debt securities in government. They hold these debts as securities because the Capital

Develop a case study that analyzes the competitive position of an

Develop a that analyzes the competitive position of an actual business organization in a technologically-oriented ind - Case Study Example It is cited that iPhone gets the highest rate of press and the iPod sales in the market is of relatively large quantities. Even though it can be generally said that the company enjoys success courtesy of the products that it offers to the market, Apple Inc. pegs most of its success to Macintosh. According to the report from IDC the worldwide market for the company grew from 2.4% up to 2.9% from the year 2006 to the year 2007 (Miller, 2009). The consumer market on the other hand where Apple does compete effectively accounts for 10% of the worldwide market although the market command in the United States of America is relatively higher at 21%. In the year 2010, Apple continued to face stiff competition from its rivals for the very same market. In terms of the sales from the PCs, Apple ranked fifth in the year 2010. It is estimated that during that particular year, the first quarter was marked by shipment of 1.398 million Macs. The sales levels meant that Apple was only behind the main distributors of PCs which are: Dell, HP, Acer and Toshiba. It is therefore more than convincing that in the year 2010, Apple had its sales in PCs generally surge as negative sales trends were recorded as indicated above (Miller, 2009). In terms of the iPhone production, it is very true that Apple has been one of the most consistent companies in using the iPhone technology to develop very effective and modern mobile phones that are trendy in as far as technology is concerned. It is as a consequence of this that Apple still remains one of the most committed companies in producing the latest technology that can easily be used by virtually all the generations. The high levels of agility and commitment that Apple has towards producing the most competitive products in the market explains to a large extent why the company has continued to record steady rates of growth in the globe today. Strengths and weaknesses Apple Company is considered as one of the strongest companies in as far as inf ormation technology is concerned. The strengths of Apple Company have been very supportive in its market domination as will be seen in the later stages of the paper. Some of the strategic strengths are inclusive of product development that it has already established. Apple Company has already set high standards in the market in as far as the product it offers in the market is concerned. It is because of this strength that Apple has in the market, that it does not spend resources in inventing the market. The second strength about Apple Inc. is that it has established itself as a company that is oriented towards creating not only design but also utility (Miller, 2009). The products that are made by the company are very much easy to use and are also intuitive. The phones by the company are easy to use and also feel very nice in the hands given that they do not have many buttons. The marketing that is done by Apple Inc. is also a plus the company. It has clever marketing which strategic ally addresses the solutions to the problems that people do encounter with the use of other hardware form the main competitors of the company. Finally, the company enjoys a lot of strength in the fact that it trades on a very common and strong brand in the technology market. The brand name in apple has been very effective in promoting the commodities produced and

Recycling Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recycling - Literature review Example Although recycling markets differ in developed and developing countries due to technology, information, and market power, one thing is sure: Government intervention and citizen’s cooperation are proven necessary to make recycling successful. Today, recycling, specifically plastic bag recycling has continually gaining much support. Understanding Recycling Although oftentimes used interchangeably, recycling differs from reuse. Reuse does not involve remanufacturing; whereas recycling, Geiser (2001: 219) defined, is collecting used materials for reprocessing and remanufacturing. Materials are recycled either through primary or secondary recycling, depending on the quality of the product material. Materials minimally degraded go through primary recycling producing similar product – Used aluminium cans can be recycled to make new aluminium cans (Miller & Spoolman 2011: G13). Materials almost wasted go through secondary recycling producing different product of lower quality ( Geiser 2001: 219) – Used tires can be recycled into mats, shoes, safety surfaces, and many more (Saddleback 2009: 54). Recycling is an ancient practice and has continued ever since for almost the same reason – conservation. Though, conservation today is understood from a different framework. Before, people recycle mainly for personal economy (Geiser 2001: 217-218). Today, recycling is no longer a choice but a social responsibility for environmental reasons. The mounting solid waste around us threatens the earth’s life and human existence that recycling and tempering waste generation has to be taken is much needed (Purcell 1998, p. 190). The trend for recycling has started in the ‘70s with the greening of society and has been taken seriously in the ‘90s (D’Souza 2005: 2), seeing it more as an economic activity rather than a moral obligation (Walker & Desrochers 1999: 74) Truly, recycling today is making a big market worldwide, especially in dev eloped and developing countries, perhaps because incentives are given for recycling businesses, since their need for recycling is greater, as consumerism is high and wastes are mounting – Every year the UK alone dumps 24M tonnes of recyclable materials (Birmingham Post 2009: 10). Particularly in OECD countries, recycling has become an important economic sector with more or less 1.5 million workforces, a $160 billion turnover every year, and more than 500 million tonnes physical throughput. (OECD 2006: 16) While in the United States, various states provide financial incentives for recycling businesses to manage wastes profitably (Gordon 1993: 30). Factors differentiating markets for recyclable materials are identified: â€Å"information failures, technological expertise, and market power† (OECD 2006: 15). Recycling newspapers and water bottles is an old practice, but recycling other items like cellphones, batteries, light bulbs, and others is not yet commonly understood (Holmes 2010: 38). Even for used plastic bags, which though have an available market (Koontz 1996: 42), a better technology for its recycling has yet to be seen. Fortunately, the Institute for Mining and Minerals, University of Kentucky claims that waste plastics can be recycled into commercially usable oil in a quick, efficient, environmentally-friendly process. (Society for the Advancement of Education 1994: 12) Importance of Recycling The importance of recycling are identified and ranked as follows: (1) recycling of resources, (2) saving forest resources, (3) preservation of global

Locke's Criticism on Descartes' Philosophy of Calling Extension the Essay

Locke's Criticism on Descartes' Philosophy of Calling Extension the Essence of Body - Essay Example Our body is not the essence of anything like extension as this concept lessens the significance of human body. Our body is solid while extension is empty space, hence there is no match between these two. Locke’s criticism on Descartes’ philosophy of calling extension the essence of body Rene Descartes, a French philosopher come mathematician of sixteenth century, is unanimously called as 'Father of Modern Philosophy' & the Father of Cartesian Doctrine which describes the relation between body and mind. "I think, therefore I am" is the most famous concept given by Descartes' about mind-body dualism. According to him, human beings are composed of two different things, body & soul or mind. The essence of soul (mind) is thought by which it controls the movements of body & the essence of body is extension. He argued that I can perceive my mind as an independent identity upon which there is no influence of extension (body) & I can distinctively perceive my body as a complete thing without the influence of my thoughts. Thus God has made the two things independent of each other so they behave like distinct objects. Here, the idea of extension is not very clear, i.e., whether it describes our body as a combination of solid parts which are there to move or extend, or is there something else Descartes wanted to explain? The idea was contrary enough as it says that there is no particular connection or relation between body & soul & they are independent of each other. He tried to explain the idea but could not provide enough valid points & arguments to prove this. One of his successors of seventeenth century, John Locke, an English philosopher, who is undoubtedly the philosopher of modern times & the originator of concepts like self & identity, presented his own theory of human understanding which is considered to be more authentic & reliable regarding the concepts of human identity & self. He contradicts Descartes’ Cartesian philosophy by saying that a ll human have innate ideas in their minds by birth & they acquire more knowledge through their vast experience & their individual use of senses & perception. According to him, the essence of body is not extension but consciousness & mind is nothing but a blank slate on which anything can be written by acquiring knowledge & wisdom. Children & babies from their early stages of development & even during their gestation period acquire simple kind of knowledge like color & taste distinction etc. The child is not born with such kind of knowledge but experiences such situations & learns from them, either by sensation or by reflection (perception). Thus every person’s body & mind are not two exclusive identities but they are linked together & body is used to perform according to mind’s instructions (Locke. 1959) In his famous book â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding†, Locke explained his point of view very deeply. He says that extension and body can never be t he same things & if anyone says like that, he only tries to lessen the significance & importance of human body while the meaning or philosophy behind this still remains unclear & uncertain. Our body is not simply a combination of extended solid blocks of different shapes joined together for different movements; neither the extension only means the space or the area in which the body moves. Anything that simply occupies area or has some mass is termed as matter, not

Nissan Skyline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nissan Skyline - Essay Example In 1954 the two companies were merged together. (http://history.jbskyline.net/). The Nissan Skyline is an intermediate-size automobile range sold in Japan and other countries. It is available in either coupe or sedan body styles, and is sold in North America, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Middle East as the Infiniti G35. The first Skyline under the Prince marque was marketed as a luxury car. It featured a 1.5 L (1482 cc) GA-4 engine producing 60 hp (44 kW). It used a de Dion tube rear suspension and was capable of 87 mph (140 km/h). The car weighed around 1,300 kg. Prince Skylines were produced as four door sedans and five door station wagons. Apart from the sedan the Skyline also spawned pickup truck and van lines called the "Prince Skyway." The model with quad headlights appeared in 1957, powered by the same 1.5L engine. Its production went on through 1961. After Fuji Precision Industries changed its name to Prince the S50 series was launched. This second generation car soon became one of the most popular cars in Asia. It was powered by the G-1 engine, a 70 hp (52 kW) version of the old GA-4. A 1,862 cm engine was also available, delivering 91 hp. In 1962, this model was restyled as the S21S series (Pinker 1990). New styling for S50 became available in 1963. In 1966 after the merge of Nissan and Prince the S50 came out with Nissan Skyline marking. This model lasted in production through 1967, featuring hand-built Michelotti bodies in elegant coupe and convertible versions. These cars used the 1.9 L (1862 cc) GB-30 engine, producing 83 hp (61 kW). In mid-60s Prince created a racing GT Skyline. It was basically a variation of the S54 featuring the larger 6-cylinder G-7 engine from the Gloria S40, though the engine compartment needed modification to fit that long engine. Prince had high hopes for winning the 2nd Japanese Grand Prix with their new vehicle. Competing against the Porsche 904, the Skyline managed 2nd through to 6th places. After the success of the GT Skyline another version, Prince 2000GT was released to the Japanese market. In February 1969 the first GT-R Skyline came out. Nicknamed the Hakosuka amongst fans, it used the new 2.0 L (1998 cc) S20 I6 engine which produced 160 hp (119 kW), being therefore equal to the top sports cars of the time i.e. Nissan R380 racing car with its GR8 engine. First GT-R's were sedans, but a 2-door coupe version came out in March of 1971. To make the cars as light as possible for racing purposes the designers have stripped them of unnecessary equipment thus showing prominent results on track such as 33 victories of the sedan in less than two years and the 50 victories of the coupe in 1972. This GT-R is said to have been a competitor of Mazda's third rotary engine machine, the RX-3, and it is said that the two cars performed a desperate effort for victory at the circuits. The GT-R was also a favorite of wild street racers who roamed the streets at night at that time. It is claimed that the art of drifting began among Japanese racers when they purposely engaged their emergenc y brakes as a way to counter understeer on their GT-Rs. One of the most famous Japanese drifters was the Drift King Keiichi Tsuchiya (http://history.jbskyline.net/). New GT-ES came out with a turbocharged engine, the L20ET, which was the first turbo engine to power a Japanese-manufactured vehicle. Turbo versions had no intercooler and no blowoff valve installed until the R32 powered with the

Income inequality in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Income inequality in the UK - Essay Example These factors are numerous and include; increases in the financial returns of education, the effects of trade liberalization, changes in government tax and welfare policy and changes in employment patterns (Cribb, 2013). Technological progress has increased financial returns to education to which is thought of as the wage premium that more highly skilled workers enjoy over less skilled workers.Answers to profound income inequality have always been related to the four reasons; however, more baffling is the rapid increase in the income of the workers at the top, for instance (Cribb, 2013), asserts that those who are in the top 0.1% have had their income rising faster than those who occupy the top 1%. Nonetheless, globalization and international labour mobility has been cited to be leading cause of the increasing disparity. The purpose of the text is to explore income inequality in the UK and achieves the purpose as it vividly provides the answer to the quest of the assignment; causes of inequality in the UK. The paper, Income inequality in the UK, by Jonathan Cribb was published by a respectable institution, the Economic review on February

The Rhetorical Presidency Essay Example for Free

The Rhetorical Presidency Essay Jeffrey Tulis received his B.A. degree from Bates College, an M.A. from Brown, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.   In 1996, he received the Presidents Associates Teaching Excellence Award.  Ã‚   He is currently writing a book on the problem of institutional deference, and he is co-editor of the Johns Hopkins Series in Constitutional Thought.   His thoughts in The Rhetorical Presidency are profound and worthy of discussion in any college setting.   His central claim concerns how the office of the president of the United States has changed from its conception created by our forefathers, especially in speech making. Presidential speeches were given to Congress, for the most part, and if there were speeches made to the public they were usually of a supportive nature bolstering courage concerning whatever might be facing the country at the time.   It wasn’t until after the civil war that public speech making became routine for the president.     Ã‚  We will cover that change from what the presidency used to be, and what it has become today by reviewing Tulis’ book The Rhetorical Presidency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A political leader who gains power by appealing to people’s emotions and prejudices rather than their rationality is a fair description of where our understanding of the presidency is today.   It is interesting to note, however, that early legislation had been passed to thwart this very thing.   The fear, as Tulis explains it, of a demagogue during ‘normal’ times would be hard to control.   It would not be so terrible in war time, but if the president were to gain too much influence over the people under his leadership, it would be difficult to control the outcome. To elicit people’s emotional and prejudicial biases on an issue is very close to what we are experiencing today.   Never has America been in such a turmoil concerning leadership as it is in this present era.   More nation-wide polls concerning the ‘ratings’ of the president have been taken during the last two presidents than in all the history of America.   If fact, if we are to believe these polls, Clinton, who was elected by the narrowest margin of any president, and Bush never scored very high in public opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The founders of our country feared a popular president for this very reason, and instigated legislation so that decision making on a nation-wide level could not be done by one man.   Tulis describes it thusly, â€Å"demagoguery, republicanism, independence of the executive, and [the] separation of powers[1]†.   On the same page he also states, â€Å"for most federalists, ‘demagogue’ and ‘popular leader’ were synonyms, and nearly all references to popular leaders in their writings are pejorative.†    In one sense, I can see the dilemma, but sometimes, as Americans who can actually think for themselves, it would not be difficult to determine a correct course of action.   Our forefathers were not ignorant of this fact, and I believe there are still enough Americans with the same frame of mind to thwart an attempt to gain power by appealing to people’s emotions and prejudices.   A good example is Bush’s approval rating among the general public which wavers in the 30-40 percentile range.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the issues Tulis addresses is the use of speeches to gain the approval of the people in a given project affecting the United States.   One such project was the advent of the railroad.   It was during this era that presidential speeches went from mainly speaking to Congress to addressing the general public.   He also points out that this increase of speeches to the public was the precursor for â€Å"popular leadership† and the very thing the forefathers were trying to avoid in the presidency of the United States. Many of these speeches were simple ‘thank you’ remarks at public appearances where other speakers were featured prominently[2].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One exception Tulis draws attention to is during Andrew Johnson’s administration.   The impeachment charges he faced were partly due to his â€Å"popular rhetoric violating virtually all of the nineteenth-century norms encompassed by the doctrine[3]†.  Ã‚   Influenced by the time era, he was made the butt of jokes and political cartoons that mocked him as a weak man.   Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, however, is described by Tulis as a â€Å"series of rhetorical campaigns to secure passage of legislation to regulate the railroads[4]†. He truly believed that what he was doing was in support of the founding fathers and was an answer to the problems Congress was facing at the time.  Ã‚   To Roosevelt, the railroad problem was a crisis that required the temporary aid of a popular leader.   He felt after this issue was resolved things would return to normal again, at least as far as the presidency was concerned.   However, the role of demagogue was moved to permanence by Wilson, who was convinced that this separation of powers was the main cause of deficient leadership in America, and until it was changed America would not become the super power she capable of being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wilson believed â€Å"The need for more energy in the political system is greater than the risk incurred through the possibility of demagoguery[5]†.   Even though Wilson was the only president to receive a doctoral degree (political science), and in spite of his published work, Constitutional Government in the United States, many were, and are, convinced that America can once again return to the leadership that was the very foundation of our nation as prescribed by our forefathers.   The fact that he represented one thing to the people and something quite different to Congress cost him his credibility, and his wavering in rhetoric was what eventually caused his failure as a president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The founder’s solution was to proscribe popular rhetoric always, hoping it would still be around if it was needed. Wilson’s solution was to prescribe it always, hoping that it would not be abused[6]†.   Abuse is the best description for it today.   Creating crises or pseudo-crises is what seems to be the norm for our political leaders.   Some still argue whether or not there were actually weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and further, many fear where this type of thinking will lead. As we learned from Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"War on Poverty† rhetoric can get the nation into trouble.   When he declared â€Å"war† on poverty, he did so as a popular appeal to help those less fortunate people who were in desperate need of help.   It was the approach to the solution that caused it to fail.   Instead of addressing Congress with the need, and allowing them to produce legislation to support the idea, he made his appeal to the people, who were sympathetic to his cause, but because the proper channels were not followed, his idea was doomed to failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tulis ends his book with the concluding thoughts of reeducating Americans to the real purpose behind the office of presidency, and urges people to understand that a rhetorical president in ‘normal’ times is too risky for a balanced democracy.   His suggestions concerning the office of the president returning to what the forefathers intended is the strongest message he offers.   How America is going to do this, however, is quite another story.   Is the office of the President dangerously close to becoming a dictatorship?   I doubt it, but it is quite clear, as Tulis points out, that too much media attention leaves America with the feeling that the office of the President is becoming more like that of a king. Bibliography Tulis, Jeffrey K. 1987   The Rhetorical Presidency.   Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press.

Economic Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics Essay

Economic Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics Essay Economic growth  is a term generally measured by the amount of production in a country or region over a certain period of time. It can also be described as the increase of per capita  gross domestic product  (GDP) or other measures of aggregate income, typically reported as the annual rate of change in real GDP. Economic growth is primarily driven by improvements in  productivity, which involves producing more goods and services with the same inputs of labour, capital, energy and materials. For the purpose of this project we will be concentrating on economic growth in the long run FY 2012-2014. Jamaicas economy faces major long-term problems: a significant merchandise trade (imports and exports) deficit, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a public debt-to-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio of almost 130 per cent. Jamaicas onerous public debt burden the fourth highest per capita is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of its economy, most notably the financial sector in the mid-to-late 1990s, and hinders government spending on infrastructure and facilities and social programs as public debt servicing accounts for nearly half of government costs. Inflation rates rose noticeably in 2008 and have kept on increasing as a result of high prices or pricing for imported food stuffs and oil and gas. High unemployment continues to aggravate the major problem of crime and violence, which includes the gang violence that is fuelled by the drug trade (imports and exports). The Golding led government faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve financial discipline in order to sustain public debt repayments while simultaneously attacking a major and expanding crime problem that is hampering growth of the economy.   The Jamaican Economy has faced many economic challenges over the pass years especially during the recent recession period. The economy is still recovering from the direct hit which the country sustained in 2009 where exports and capital inflows weakened leading to negative growth. A steep depreciation of the nominal exchange rate has raised the cost of servicing variable rate debt, as well as the cost of rolling over existing loans. Amid volatility, macroeconomic policy remained tight despite the downturn. For the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ), defending the currency had to take precedence over inflation targeting and stimulating GDP growth. Such global crisis has also negatively affected the fiscal accounts, with lower revenue and a significantly higher interest bill. The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on January 14, 2010 to control future economic downturns, which they had experienced in past years (2007 to 2009), which had resulted in a negative growth period for the country. The initiative would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds returning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities. The offer was taken up by over 95% of local financial institutions and was deemed a success by the government. The economic situation of Jamaica has worsened considerably, with the ongoing world financial crisis which has had devastating effects on the economy. The mining sector has been the hardest hit, while tourism and remittances flows have been on the decline. Most foreign exchange comes from remittances, tourism, and bauxite. Remittances account for nearly 20% of GDP roughly equivalent to tourism revenues. Three of Jamaicas four bauxite firms suspended operations in 2009 due to falling demand amid the global economic downturn. The country will continue to lose valuable resources from its exports in 2012-2014 while these firms are out of operation. This decline in remittances, and a contraction of consumer demand led to a deep recession with stubbornly high unemployment and underemployment. With such hardship the government of Jamaica had no choice but to turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a multilateral lending agency. The government of Jamaica, with help from multilateral bodies, is resolved to addressing the nations challenges more effectively, thereby creating a sustainable growth path for increased foreign investments in the new decade. On the 4th of February 2010 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a US$1.27 billion Stand-By Facility loan agreement for a period of 3 years to underpin structural reforms and help Jamaica to withstand spill-overs of global financial storms that impacted main revenue streams. The IMF noted: The government has successfully completed a domestic debt exchange operation, which has contributed to a more equitable sharing of the burden of the overall fiscal adjustment. The exchange has also struck an appropriate balance in terms of delivering necessary cash flow savings while taking appropriate account of the need to ensure financial sector stability which should continue for the FY2012-2014. With such great assistance from the IMF, the government believes The upgrade sends a significant signal to international and local investors and will help in reinforcing confidence in the market for Jamaicas debt. This first step in the recovery of Jamaicas ratings reflects the governments aggressive policy actions as put forward in the economic programme, and the positive impact and success of the JDX. Economic outlook The launch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX) in early 2010 has been seen as a positive step in the right direction, and the appreciation of the Jamaican dollar since it hit a low of J$89.73 in February 2010 has been slight but steady. The government has begun implementing much needed structural reforms, which should improve the fiscal balance by over 5% of GDP in FY 2010-2014 and onwards. Among them, a debt-swapping plan aimed at achieving interest savings of about 3% of GDP and two-thirds reduction in the amount of maturing debt over the next three years has been successfully implemented, with an acceptance level of almost 97% of bondholders. Governor of the Bank of Jamaica, Wynter B. (2010), stated that The exceptionally high participation rate in the exchange makes the Jamaica Debt Exchange one of the most successful debt exchanges in the world. The JDX replaces 350 high priced government domestic bonds with 24 new bonds, priced at a lower (12.5%) interest rate with longer maturities, providing annual savings of J$40bn. The Governor further stated that Additionally, the magnitude of maturing debt is expected to decline by 65 percent over the next three years, and the significant reduction in the governments refinancing needs will ease the crowding-out effect of the government debt and the upward pressure that this would have placed on domestic rates. Jamaicas four-year programme for the financial year 2010-2014 focuses on four key objectives: To strengthen government finances by reforming public enterprises and passing a new fiscal responsibility law. Reforms of the financial sector to reduce systemic risks and enhance the countrys capacity to better withstand external shocks. A pro-active debt management strategy to eliminate debt overhang and reduce debt servicing costs. Jamaica spends J$182bn (US$2.1bn) on annual interest payments, which in turn, crowd out capital expenditures. Make the tax structure more efficient, whilst improving tax collection and administration. That would increase resources for targeted social projects. Despite the launch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX), this has been seen by analysiss as a positive step in the right direction, and with the marginal appreciation of the Jamaican dollar in February 2010. The tourism sector, which comprises a sizable chunk of Jamaicas economy, was badly hit by the global economic crisis, but a marginally more favourable crime rate as well as new marketing strategies being developed by the Jamaica Ministry of Tourism and their counterpart throughout the Caribbean region bodes well for the industrys slow recovery over next five years. The IMF however is saying that they dont foresee Jamaica changing its growth patterns in the near future, stated Charles Ross. The debt has itself become an obstacle for growth because the country has to allocate so much of government resources into servicing the debt that very little is left for public investment in infrastructure that would facilitate growth. The island of Jamaica however has proven itself resilient by surviving the steepest contraction in world trade since the 1930s, and its macroeconomic fundamentals are slowly but surely improving. The government of Jamaica, with help from multilateral bodies, is resolved to addressing the nations challenges more effectively, thereby creating a sustainable growth path for increased foreign investments in the new decade. The 2010/11 budget provides for increased social spending while reducing recurrent expenditures. Fitch, the European rating agency, upgraded Jamaicas long-term local and foreign currency Issuer Default ratings to B- (with stable outlook). Also, Standard Poors and Moodys have upgraded Jamaicas sovereign ratings, reflecting strong commitment to tackling fiscal imbalance and the successful outcome of the Debt Exchange (JDX) programme. The government believes The upgrade sends a significant signal to international and local investors and will help in reinforcing confidence in the market for Jamaicas debt. This first step in the recovery of Jamaicas ratings reflects the governments aggressive policy actions as put forward in the economic programme, and the positive impact and success of the JDX. Economic theory suggests that sustainable increases in real income must be based on increases in productivity. Productivity may be defined as the amount of output produced (in terms of goods or services) per unit input used. Commonly applied measures include labour productivity as output per worker or output per labour-hour, and total productivity as output relative to all inputs used. Both measures have been used in recent years to explore the dynamics of Jamaicas economic performance. Jamaica continues to rank favourably on a number of indices of competitiveness and business climate. The 2010 Index of Economic Freedom, published by the Heritage Foundation (US), ranks it the 57th freest market of 179 countries, surpassing established EU members such as Portugal, France, Poland, Greece and Italy. The country has a track record of implementing micro-reforms that help encourage private enterprise and foreign direct investment (FDI). Reforms of trade regime and tax administration for the upcoming period 2011- 2014 should improve Jamaicas global ranking in the future business indicators. This reform is aimed at reducing tariffs, import fees and some import/export bans and the latter is geared toward simplifying tax payment procedures. Jamaicas relatively flexible labour regulations could be further improved to increase job creation and productivity growth in coming years Dr Williams D. (2010) of the University of the West Indies. The government aims to boost the export sectors contribution to GDP from its current one-fifth to one-third by 2013 through expanding volumes and higher value addition in priority sectors as well as seeking new markets, thereby reducing over-reliance on North America, which in 2008 accounted for 50% of Jamaicas exports. The latest projections by international financial institutions (IFIs) show the economy stabilizing in FY 2010/11 and thereafter (2012-2014). Output is expected to grow at 2%, with inflation abating to 6%. Higher Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in mining, tourism and other sectors will increase imports. However, continued FDI and gradually rising foreign exchange reserves (forex reserves) should offset the impact of current account deficit on the balance of payments. The IMF envisages the external deficit falling to 5% of GDP over the medium-term. The currencys depreciation in real effective terms has improved the competitiveness of exports both visible and invisible (i.e. services). The government aims to cut the budget deficit by half by 2014/15, whilst reducing the net public debt to GDP ratio. In short, Jamaica is putting its house in order. The countrys first long-term development plan Vision 2030 Jamaica (launched in 2008) inspires to attain developed country status by focusing on four core areas: a vibrant macro-economy; effective governance; world class education and training (especially science/technology); and greater security and safety. Jamaica has a realistic chance of achieving its national goals by 2030. However for the period 2012-2014 the three industries which are expected to perform well are the financial sector, the tourism industry and the Manufacturing industry. Industry Analysis Financial Sector The financial services industry in Jamaica consists of commercial banks, merchant and trust banks, credit unions, building societies and licensees under the Financial Institutions Act as well as non-deposit taking institutions including insurance companies, development banks and securities dealers. In 2008 there were 129 licensed financial institutions in Jamaica including 7 commercial banks, 46 credit unions, 17 insurance companies and 48 securities dealers, as well as 4 building societies, 3 FIA institutions and 4 development banks. Consistent with the current trend in developing countries, there are also a large number of foreign exchange Cambios, remittance and money transfer companies and bill payment companies that facilitate transactions between the domestic and international markets. There has been a reduction in the total number of institutions operating in the financial sector over the past decade, from 189 in 1996 to 129 in 2008. The lower numbers reflect closures, mergers and downsizing, with the effect of the most efficient institutions emerging. Commercial banks are the largest sub-group within the financial sector. In 2008, assets of commercial banks accounted for approximately 76.0 per cent of total assets of the financial system, with Building Societies at 19.0 per cent and FIAs at 5.0 per cent. The Financial Services Commission (FSC) was established in 2001 and there were several substantial amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act, Banking Act, Money Laundering Act and Financial Institutions Act. The regulatory framework for the supervision of pension funds and credit unions also has been strengthened. The Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation (JDIC) was incorporated in August 1998 to provide insurance against the risk of loss of deposits held in insured financial institutions. The JDIC receives premiums from insured financial institutions at a rate of 0.15% of their total insurable deposits and the funds are invested to build the Deposit Insurance Fund. After such severe restructuring the financial sector regained some buoyancy which has seen its share of GDP climb to 10.8% to GDP in 2008 and the total assets of deposit-taking institutions in the financial sector increase from J$238.9 billion in 1999 to J$715.8 billion in 2008. However, much of this financial activity has been fuelled by the explosion of domestic debt, which also has seen the increased growth of the Jamaican money market as an intermediary between individual holders of capital and the government securities market (approximately half of the dealers funds under management are with retail clients). This has reduced the ability of the sector to provide the capital needed by the private sector for productive investments. As the sector restructures and the market becomes more competitive, financial institutions continue to refocus their attention to their core functions, as evidenced by increased loans to the productive sectors. Jamaica has considerably strengthened financial system oversight following a costly financial crisis in 1996-97. The financial system is deep and well-developed, the regulatory framework has in many respects been brought into line with best international practices, and supervision appears to be implemented in a systematic and professional manner. Remaining regulatory gaps and weaknesses in the financial infrastructure are well recognized by the authorities, who have implemented important reforms. Regulatory capital has also increased in most financial institutions to levels that permit a reasonable degree of resilience against macroeconomic shocks. However, data limitations prevented a full system-wide quantitative analysis of risks. During 2000-2008 the total stock of loans and advances increased by 587 percent and 308 percent, for commercial banks and FIA institutions, respectively. However, the volume of government debt held by these institutions decreased. The Bank of Jamaica and the Financial Services Commission continued to strengthen their respective regulatory framework in order to maintain stability within the industry and to conform to new developments in international standards. As at 31 March 2009, the seven commercial banks and two merchant banks (at the time) had total assets of J$582,515,204 billion with liabilities of J$516,216,670 billion resulting in total capital of J$35.649 billion. Manufacturing Sector The Manufacturing Sector represents a critical component of the economies of many developing countries including Jamaica. Jamaicas manufacturing sector is diverse and modern. Products encapsulated under this sectors activities are: beverages, processed foods, chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and apparel. The island also produces spices and condiments, canned ackee and callaloo, as well as natural juices, soft drinks, beer, wines, spirits, and liqueurs. The manufacturing sector accounts for 12.8% of GDP per annum, employs approximately 7% of the labour force and is second in terms of sector contribution to real GDP. Jamaicas manufacturing sector grew during 2007 and contributed approximately 12.6% to total GDP, with total revenues exceeding US$700mn. Manufactured exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products; and  total investment in the manufacturing sector facilitated by Jamaica Trade and Invest amounted to J$3.6 billion during 2007. These investments spanned several sub-sectors including agro-processing, plastics, petrochemicals and cement. The petrochemical sub-sector was positively impacted by the development of an ethanol dehydration facility at Port Esquivel, St. Catherine. Further expansion also took place in the plastics sub-sector and in the cement sub-sector through modernization and upgrading of clinker and cement production facilities.  However, this overall picture of growth during 2007 was complemented by the Governments focus on increasing productivity in order to impact growth. Government implemented programmes that facilitated international competitiveness included worker skills training, technology upgrading, research and development, the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP) and the Quality Jamaica Project, which includes training in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Manufactured exports represent approximately 12.6% of GDP in 2007, while the sector employs about 6.1% of the total labour force. Exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products. The global economic crisis in the last quarter of 2008, spurred by the financial collapse in the United States emerged, which had implications for the productive sector. Devaluation of the dollar, high interest rates, reduced domestic and export sales, credit crunch, high inflation, soaring oil prices, and skyrocketing input costs of raw material were some of the challenges experienced in the face of the world financial crisis. For the year 2008, the Jamaican economy contracted by an estimated 0.6%. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the Goods Producing Sectors contracted by 3.0%, while the Services Sectors grew by 0.3%. The performance of the economy was adversely affected by the sharp rise in commodity prices, the subsequent decrease in commodity prices due to the global financial crisis, decline in external demand for Jamaican goods and services, sharp decline in the availability of capital for fiscal budgetary support and private sector investment as well as the lingering effects of hurricane Dean and tropical storm Gustav. The sector contributed 8.5% to GDP and the total employed labour force grew by 3.5% to 80,100 persons. For the period, total manufactured exports also increased amounting to US$1,224.75 million, an increase of 37.5%. This was attributable mainly to increased export earnings from Non-traditional Exports of US$1,094.7 million. However, the sector declined by 1.2% due to a challenging environment and the global financial crisis which contracted the performance of the Food, Beverage and Tobacco and Other Manufacturing components of the industry by 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Tourism Industry Jamaicas economy relies heavily on tourism, which has become the countrys largest source of foreign exchange. Most tourists remain on the island for several days or weeks, although increasing numbers disembark only briefly from cruise ships at Ocho Rios, Montego Bay and the newly renovated and opened Falmouth Pier. These and other towns on the northern coast, as well as Kingston, are the tourist sectors main bases of activity. Jamaica is famous for its pleasant climate, fine beaches, and superb scenery, including the waters of Montego Bay and the majestic Blue Mountains. Industry Performance The tourism industry has shown strong and sustained growth since Independence. The total number of visitor arrivals to Jamaica has grown from some 271,692 in 1962 and 670,202 visitor arrivals in 1982 to a total of 2,860,544 visitor arrivals in 2008, an annual increase of 5.3% over the 46 year period. The island saw a record 3,016,898 visitors in 2006. The islands tourism accommodation stock increased from 10,327 rooms in 1982 to 29,794 rooms in 2008, while total receipts from tourists grew from US$337.8 million in 1982 to US$1,975.5 million in 2008. The development of the tourism sector over this period has seen an increase in the relative importance of cruise passenger arrivals which grew from 29% of total visitor arrivals in 1982 to 38 % of total arrivals in 2008. There also has been the emergence of globally competitive Jamaican-owned all inclusive hotel chains such as Sandals, SuperClubs and Couples, and the diversification of tourism markets including growth in arrivals from the United Kingdom, Europe and the Caribbean in addition to the traditional North American markets. As one of the best-known island destinations, Jamaica enjoys significant competitive advantages in Tourism and Travel Services. Based on its strong brand image, an appealing natural environment and human and cultural assets, the Jamaican Tourism industry has been identified as one of the key industrial clusters deemed capable of driving sustainable economic growth in the long term. Jamaica has had a long experience as a tourist destination, being a favoured retreat for travelers from Europe since the eighteenth century. The tourism industry, however, started in earnest in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, with the first systematic efforts by Government to promote the industry, and by private investors to establish large hotels. The emergence of the industry coincided with the rapid economic growth of the United States, which has remained the main source of visitors up to the present. Jamaica has been one of the best-known resort vacation destinations in the world for decades. Originally known for its stunning physical beauty and as a playground for the rich and famous, the island has since seen its tourism industry experience significant growth and diversification. Jamaica currently boasts one of the most diverse visitor accommodation sectors in the Caribbean, including world-famous all-inclusive resorts, upscale hotels and villas, and a range of distinctive tourist accommodations and attractions. While the tourism sector is a major earner of foreign exchange there is a relatively high leakage of these benefits through imports of goods and services and payments of interest and investment income to overseas providers of capital. In order to retain more of the value added by the tourism sector linkages between the tourism and the other sectors of the economy, including agriculture, manufacturing and services need to be enhanced. In-depth analysis of the manufacturing industry Manufacturing Sector The Manufacturing Sector represents a critical component of the economies of many developing countries including Jamaica. Jamaicas manufacturing sector is diverse and modern. Products encapsulated under this sectors activities are: beverages, processed foods, chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and apparel. The island also produces spices and condiments, canned ackee and callaloo, as well as natural juices, soft drinks, beer, wines, spirits, and liqueurs. The manufacturing sector accounts for 12.8% of GDP per annum, employs approximately 7% of the labour force and is second in terms of sector contribution to real GDP. Jamaicas manufacturing sector grew during 2007 and contributed approximately 12.6% to total GDP, with total revenues exceeding US$700mn. Manufactured exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products; and  total investment in the manufacturing sector facilitated by Jamaica Trade and Invest amounted to J$3.6 billion during 2007. These investments spanned several sub-sectors including agro-processing, plastics, petrochemicals and cement. The petrochemical sub-sector was positively impacted by the development of an ethanol dehydration facility at Port Esquivel, St. Catherine. Further expansion also took place in the plastics sub-sector and in the cement sub-sector through modernization and upgrading of clinker and cement production facilities.  However, this overall picture of growth during 2007 was complemented by the Governments focus on increasing productivity in order to impact growth. Government implemented programmes that facilitated international competitiveness included worker skills training, technology upgrading, research and development, the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP) and the Quality Jamaica Project, which includes training in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Manufactured exports represent approximately 12.6% of GDP in 2007, while the sector employs about 6.1% of the total labour force. Exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products. The global economic crisis in the last quarter of 2008, spurred by the financial collapse in the United States emerged, which had implications for the productive sector. Devaluation of the dollar, high interest rates, reduced domestic and export sales, credit crunch, high inflation, soaring oil prices, and skyrocketing input costs of raw material were some of the challenges experienced in the face of the world financial crisis. For the year 2008, the Jamaican economy contracted by an estimated 0.6%. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the Goods Producing Sectors contracted by 3.0%, while the Services Sectors grew by 0.3%. The performance of the economy was adversely affected by the sharp rise in commodity prices, the subsequent decrease in commodity prices due to the global financial crisis, decline in external demand for Jamaican goods and services, sharp decline in the availability of capital for fiscal budgetary support and private sector investment as well as the lingering effects of hurricane Dean and tropical storm Gustav. The sector contributed 8.5% to GDP and the total employed labour force grew by 3.5% to 80,100 persons. For the period, total manufactured exports also increased amounting to US$1,224.75 million, an increase of 37.5%. This was attributable mainly to increased export earnings from Non-traditional Exports of US$1,094.7 million. However, the sector declined by 1.2% due to a challenging environment and the global financial crisis which contracted the performance of the Food, Beverage and Tobacco and Other Manufacturing components of the industry by 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Economic outlook for the Manufacturing sector A more economic perspective for the Jamaican manufacturing is to see interest rates trending down, Banks beginning to make loans and sustained stability in the exchange rate. This sector is showing some renewed buoyancy and has shown significant growth over the last two quarters. Despite the tough economic conditions, manufacturing is predicted to contribute positively as this area will be a focal part for the government as this area should harness more growth and development. The government expects to boost this sector to create employment through the money it receives from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We expect that this will continue, as this is a very important sector representing a large chunk of overall GDP. So whatever happens to manufacturing will have an overall impact on the economy. These are some very good investment opportunities for the manufacturing sector for the coming years. Agro- processing: Canned vegetables and canned fruit present good opportunities for investment in the food processing sector. Chemicals and chemical products: Reference is being made particularly to aluminium sulphate, detergents and paints, which showed steady growth in 2007. This is expected to continue as the construction industry is projected to grow by 4.5 percent in 2008 which will be facilitated by the growth in Non-residential and hotel sectors as well as expansion of the sea and airports. Bio- technology: Jamaica is blessed with a number of indigenous herbs which can be used in the promotion of health and wellness. Food processing, Beverages and Tobacco: The food processing sector grew by 3.3 per cent in 2007, while growth in the beverages and tobacco sun-sectors stood at 1.8 per cent. These sectors are expected to grow due to the anticipated increase in the food production. For the Manufacturing Sector in Jamaica the identification of strengths and weaknesses represents the internal assessment of the sector while the consideration of opportunities and threats represents the analysis of the external environment for the sector. STRENGTHS Sourcing and Procurement Current availability of high quality raw Jamaican materials (including agricultural products, limestone, cement) Strong international supply relationships Reduction of duties on imported raw materials Production Largest contributor to GDP of all goods-producing sectors World-class enterprises in several manufacturing subsectors and industries (including food processing and beverage industries, paint, plastic containers) Ability to make high quality products Numerous small and diverse production facilities allowing for a range of focused niche markets and products Environment Availability of some green raw materials Limited use of environmentally friendly/clean production technologies Finance Downward trend in deposit interest rates making equity investments in manufacturing relatively more attractive Human Resources Large employer of labour Pool of trainable workforce Innovativene

Strive for Equality Essay -- American History, Discrimination, Women

Strive for Equality It is stated in the Equal Rights Amendment that â€Å"Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex†. Still, looking back at history, it can be seen that gender has played a vital role in determining one’s status in society. The challenges women faced began when they were merely young girls. These girls were raised with the idea that they were only suitable for certain occupations, usually only to serve as wives and mothers. These beliefs of staying within their boundaries stick as fears in the mind of women so by the time adulthood approaches, they have already molded themselves to fit those beliefs. There are numerous works of literature that have given life to women in their fight for becoming free. One example, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, tells the story of Elisa and her struggle to break out of the feminine world. The idea of becoming more than an ideal wife strive women to push their boundaries as an attempt to gain power in a man’s world hoping, to be recognized for their strengths. Discrimination has always given men greater power over women, who are ideally supposed to sit within their limited boundaries. These traditions led to stronger women who wanted to attempt to push their boundaries. When Elisa is working in her garden, she notices her husband talking to couple of men and she â€Å"[looks] down toward the men by the tractor shed now and then,† (Steinbeck 1). Elisa looking at the men numerous times shows her curiosity to go outside her bounded life which is the fence that she is around. The fence symbolizes her life. This also symbolizes how she is very fed up with her married life and is now desperate to get out. But th... ...ue beauty, and thus never was interested in Elisa. So Elisa comes back into reality, and falls back into the hole of being felt as a housewife rather than a free individual, that she despised. Overall, the impact that the tinker makes on Elisa brings Elisa back to where she started. This illustrates the impact of Elisa pushing to expand her boundaries. Women try their best to push past their boundaries but can never achieve that, because of the over-pompous nature of men. Women are never seen for their strengths and are oppressed manner. Women were not able to reach their full potential because society refused to accept them liberally. This world would not be able to progress with the seclusion of women. It can be seen throughout history that gender prejudice limits the individual from doing what he/she wants to do. Nowadays, women are free to do as they please.

Running The Front End :: Home Depot cashier

Running The Front End   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Day after day, I work at Home Depot. I’ve worked at Home Depot for 6 months. My position there is a cashier. A few months have gone by and all I do is show up and do my job as a cashier. The cashiers have someone who runs the front end along with every register in the store, and that person is a head ashier. After what I see the head cashiers go through, I would never want to be a head cashier for the rest of my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After four and a half months of working, I am just getting the hang of it. Being a cashier might sound easy, but over at Home Depot, it’s not. There are so many responsibilities for a cashier to do; it is just as hard as being a bank teller. You have to be quick at looking up items, being familiar with items in the store, checking every item for the right tag, and the list goes on. The cashiers are tested weekly with a secret shopper to make sure the cashiers are on their toes. The money has to be added up at the end of the day, each slip, coin, dollar bill, check and card. If it doesn’t add up, you don’t leave until you find out where it went. The cashier draw cannot hold more then 500$ at one time. Each time you collect up to five hundred you have to send it to the book keeping. All these responsibilities add up and are overwhelming for a cashier. A head cashier is responsible for every register and transaction in that store, along with the flow of lines and customer satisfaction. It is a job I would never want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coming into work one day, I knew something was wrong. When I saw long lines forming down each Isle, people complaining that the wait was too long, and register lights flashing for help. There were no head cashiers available or supervisors who knew anything about the front end. At that time I was the only cashier who had been there the longest, so I was asked to try and be head cashier for the day. I did, and I knew what I was getting myself into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was handed a set of keys and I was in charge of the entire front end. This was a job I had never done or been trained to do, It started out fine no one had any problems Three hours passed, and I ran into my first problem. Running The Front End :: Home Depot cashier Running The Front End   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Day after day, I work at Home Depot. I’ve worked at Home Depot for 6 months. My position there is a cashier. A few months have gone by and all I do is show up and do my job as a cashier. The cashiers have someone who runs the front end along with every register in the store, and that person is a head ashier. After what I see the head cashiers go through, I would never want to be a head cashier for the rest of my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After four and a half months of working, I am just getting the hang of it. Being a cashier might sound easy, but over at Home Depot, it’s not. There are so many responsibilities for a cashier to do; it is just as hard as being a bank teller. You have to be quick at looking up items, being familiar with items in the store, checking every item for the right tag, and the list goes on. The cashiers are tested weekly with a secret shopper to make sure the cashiers are on their toes. The money has to be added up at the end of the day, each slip, coin, dollar bill, check and card. If it doesn’t add up, you don’t leave until you find out where it went. The cashier draw cannot hold more then 500$ at one time. Each time you collect up to five hundred you have to send it to the book keeping. All these responsibilities add up and are overwhelming for a cashier. A head cashier is responsible for every register and transaction in that store, along with the flow of lines and customer satisfaction. It is a job I would never want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coming into work one day, I knew something was wrong. When I saw long lines forming down each Isle, people complaining that the wait was too long, and register lights flashing for help. There were no head cashiers available or supervisors who knew anything about the front end. At that time I was the only cashier who had been there the longest, so I was asked to try and be head cashier for the day. I did, and I knew what I was getting myself into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was handed a set of keys and I was in charge of the entire front end. This was a job I had never done or been trained to do, It started out fine no one had any problems Three hours passed, and I ran into my first problem.

Essay --

The story of Prophet Muhammad is the best story of all. Prophet Muhammad is the one who had the changed the world around him and had the greatest influence for the people during his time and in today’s world as well. He puts other people welfare before his own; he values other people importance before his own. These values of him made people to loved and respected him for his dedication and honesty to the society. As an Islam’s founder, some people claimed that Prophet Muhammad is a reformer while others claimed him as a revolutionary. Before I make any further argument, let’s first define what’s the difference between a reformer and revolutionary. First of all, I believe a reformer is a person who makes changes in something such as a practice or political issue in order to improve what they already have to be better. Meanwhile, a revolutionary is a person who is either actively involved or advocates revolution. Thus, here I will argue that Prophet Muhamm ad is a reformer instead of a revolutionary. According to Hart (1992), he believed that Prophet Muhammad is the most influential individual in the world and he was the only man in the history who had achieved a lot of success in both sacred and profane matters. He also puts Prophet Muhammad at No. 1 on the list among top 100 ranking of the most influential persons in the history. Prophet Muhammad was born in 570 C.E., in the city of Mecca, in the southern of Arabia. When Prophet Muhammad was forty-years-old, he was convinced that the God (Allah S.W.T.) was communicating with him through Archangel Gabriel and he was chosen to be The One to spread Islam to the people. At the beginning, he advocated only to his close friends and fellow associates. Only by about 613 C.E., Prophet... ... was done without any extra charges or taxes and it was also has to been voluntary and can’t be forced. As the conclusion, I believe that Rasulullah S.A.W. was indeed the savior of the mankind. He showed and guided us on how to solve the problems of humanity from women and children to slaves, the poor, and even to orphans. That was to establish the message from God (Allah S.W.T.) and to save us from the hot fire of Hell after our death. Therefore, it is important for us to read and understand the Al-Qur’an and read the messages of Prophet Muhammad for the success in both lives on earth and the life after death. Moreover, the Prophet also took the brutal tribal system where the rights are not equal to everyone especially to women, children and the poor, and he reformed it into a system where everyone received the same and equal amount of opportunity and chances.

Cat Dissection Lab Report Essay

At the conclusion of the cat dissection, you will be required to submit a formal report. The format for this will differ from that of the osteoporosis lab report because the dissection is used as an opportunity to review structure and function for the major systems rather than to test a hypothesis and draw a conclusion. Please the following information as a guideline for compiling the lab report. Only one lab report per group is required. You do not have to answer the questions listed during the actual dissection, but you should be familiar with what is being asked of you before beginning. The lab must be typed and divided into sections according to systems (Meaning each system will be individually labeled like you would label a section of any other lab (materials, methods etc). You may divide the labor among group members, but the work should be compiled as a single document before being turned in. The front page of the lab report should include the names of all group members as wel l as the date submitted. You do not need a separate title page. Note: If group members are working on sections individually please be consistent with margins (1 inch or less), line spacing (single or 1.5) font size (12pt or less) and font used throughout the document. The document should not look like it was pieced together randomly at the time of submission. Keep in mind that each group member is responsible for knowing all information in the lab report. Please note that you will be writing about and also observing some systems we have not yet covered. This will require you to reference your book or another source for information to complete the lab report. Please include citations for any sources used (this includes information about systems that have been covered in class). You should consider the assignment an opportunity to begin preparing for the final exam. The hard copy of this report is due to me by Friday, April 15th. (It must also be submitted via turnitin.com before 11:59pm on April 15th) Any time you are asked to diagram the system you are working through, you must label the structures in the diagram. For any of the diagrams in the lab report, you may include pictures (using your phone or a camera) of your dissection instead of an act ual drawing. If you  choose to take pictures of the cat, you may label the structures with tags and dissecting pins at the time of dissection if time permits or you may go back and label the pictures after pasting them in your report. The photos may be embedded into the associated sections or attached at the end of the document as an appendix. Hand-drawn diagrams will have to be attached at the end as an appendix. If your diagrams will be in an appendix, they should be referenced in the appropriate section. The lab report should look like this: (It will be longer than three pages!) Essential System Structures to Include : Lymphatic Spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus gland, tonsils Digestive Mouth/tongue, pharynx, larynx, Esophagus, stomach, S.I., L.I., rectum, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Cardiovascular Heart, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, coronary arteries, cardiac veins, brachial artery & vein, carotid artery, jugular vein, renal vein, iliac artery & vein, femoral artery & vein, hepatic portal system Urinary Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Respiratory Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs (bronchioles & alveoli) SYSTEM REQUIRED INFORMATION YOUR PTS External Features Discuss two interesting observations/discoveries (2) Define: vibrissae, pinnae, tori (3) Skeletal Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of structure and function (4) Muscular (NOTE: Includes questions about endocrine & lymphatic systems) Describe two interesting observations/discoveries; take note of muscle layers. (2) Define: tendon, origin, insertion and superficial fascia (4) Explain the purpose of both thyroid gland and lymph nodes (4) Describe how the endocrine system works as one of the two major controlling systems in the body. Be sure to discuss its means of communication, length of effect and response time. In addition, outline an example of a feedback mechanism involving the endocrine system. (4) Identify the main structures of the lymphatic system and describe their functions. (3) Digestive (NOTE: Questions may be grouped together and do not need to be answered in the order listed). Describe two interesting observations/discoveries (2) Diagram labeled with major digestive structures/organs (5) Describe the functions of the major digestive organs (6) Describe the diaphragm and identify its function (2) Identify the location & function of the epiglottis. (2) What is peristalsis and what is its function? (2) Explain the function of sphincters and identify some places they are located. (2) What is chyme? How is it produced? (2) Why are the small and large intestines labeled as they are? (2) Where is the gallbladder in relation to the liver? Why? (2) Explain the importance of bile. How and at what point does it enter the digestive system? (2) Respiratory Describe two interesting observations/discoveries. (2) Diagram the Respiratory System. (3) Describe the functions of the structures of the respiratory system (3) Cardiovascular Diagram of the heart (Include chambers, valves & major vessels) (6) Diagram tracing the path of circulation in the adult mammalian heart. You may do a separate flow chart or build this off of your heart diagram. (5) Describe two interesting observations/discoveries. (2) Discuss the structures of the Cardiovascular System (including major veins & arteries serving the body) & describe their functions/locations served. (9) How are blood vessels named? (2) Urogenital Describe two interesting observations/discoveries. This would be an ideal place to discuss reproductive structures. (2) Diagram the urinary system – four structures to include. (2) Describe the function of each urinary structure. As in the labeling, there are four main structures that you need to include in the answer to this question. (2) Nervous Describe how the nervous system works as one of the two major controlling systems in the body. Discuss its means of communication, length of effect, and response time. Outline an example of a feedback mechanism involving the nervous system. (4) Describe the difference between the central and peripheral nervous system in terms of function and structures. Describe the pathway that communication within the nervous system would follow from a receptor to an effector. (4) NOTE: We will not be looking a nervous system structures. If time permits, you may attempt to extract and view the brain. If you choose to do so, please note that opening the skull is often a difficult task, especially avoiding damage to the brain in the process. Please use extreme caution.)

Hlt 205 Policy Interview Analysis

HLT 205 November 14, 2012 Policy Interview and Analysis The medical care delivery component setting that was explored is a health care health center. The guideline associated subjects that I acknowledged at this health center were linked to statements owed attempts. Many of the problems occurred like this: †¢ Imperceptible expenses, for example statements pending in inflated figures. Clarification to problem is detailed billing. †¢ Considerable figures billed for undersized quantity, for example an instrument for measuring temperature. Clarification to problem is to have a personal set. Dual charges should be a requirement in the cost of every appointment, for example latex material applied to inspect an individual. Clarification of problem is to observe that charges were not made. Individuals billed should comprehend the charges. †¢ Equalized charges are physicians pre-arranged by organizations that offer coverage. If an individual is forced to use a physician not in coverage, individual can be billed extra. Clarification of problem is to verify if the physician will accept current coverage provided by insurance company before administration by physician. Expenses more for the not covered are exercises billed to insured in direction of protecting the not covered. Clarification of the problem if individuals are not covered, inquire for reduction of bill for paying by cash. †¢ Billing for aid organization is an income tax itemization for health care centers. Necessity of attending individuals of low income and homeless should be communicated to Medicaid. †¢ Persistently tracking balances due is then a charge not compensated, and the individuals is reassigned to an organization that collects debt.A clarification is to make available a reimbursement plan comfortable for the individual at very small gain. †¢ Billing preparation guiding principles are not consistent and every individual has a different case. Clarification to the problem is to bill every individual the same for every type of procedure as others have received, although problematic disparities persist on every individual. †¢ Guiding principles are not current and efficient. A clarification of the problem is to have an organization that evaluates the guidelines to make sure that no mistakes are made. Re-current variation of personnel is a setback for the reason that employees are not directed for a considerable amount of time to comprehend the demand for payment for the health center. Provided above was a list of policy examples for statement collection of the health center. My brother is a source from this health center and several of his concerns among these statement collections are individual disappointment because the lack of attention that they apply for his or her own health, the lack of attention to report back to the physician of any issues and not properly taking recommended medicine.The problem persists and is directing toward troubles ome health circumstances may escalate the bill for the individual. Health care demand for payment can be an issue, especially for new staff not properly trained; â€Å"mindfulness of proper vocabulary in descriptive detail will allow for enhanced recording† according to Heidelbaugh, Riley, M, & Habetler, (2008); individuals can make errors and not appropriately charge patients the correct amount, electronic collections have helped with the process of billing an individual correctly.References Garcia, Joe M. Email interview, retrieved Monday, November 14,2012 Heidelbaugh, J. J. , Riley, M. , & Habetler, J. M. (2008). 10 billing & coding tips to boost your reimbursement. (Cover story). Journal Of Family Practice, 57(11), 724-730.